Figure 2.

(a)—(b)Two types of spin valves, current-in-plane (CIP) and current perpendicular to plane (CPP) structures are assembled by FM, NM and FM–NM modules. (c) Magnetic tunnel junctions can be factored as a “product’’ of two FM–NM conductances³⁴. The experimentally observed functional forms of angular magnetoresistance are both captured analytically in all three cases.