Table 1.

Summary of injury-induced changes in serum biomarker levels relative to control levels.

Markers	Post-injury time points
	2 h	1 day	1 week	1 month
Metabolism
4-HNE	↑	↑	↑	↑
HIF-lα	↑	↑	↑	↑
Ceruloplasmin	↑	↑	↑	↑
Vascular function
AQP1	↑	↑	↑	↑
AQP4	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
VEGF	↑	Ø	↑	↑
vWF	↑	↑	↑	↑
Flk-1	↑	↑	Ø	Ø
Inflammation
OPN	↑	↑	Ø	↑
CINC1	Ø	↑	↑	Ø
Fibrinogen	↑	Ø	Ø	Ø
MlP-lα	Ø	↑	Ø	Ø
OX-44	↑	↑	↑	Ø
p38	↑	↑	Ø	Ø
MMP-8	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
MCP-1	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
CCR5	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
CRP	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
Galectin-1	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
Cell adhesion and extracellular matrix
Integrin α6	↑	↑	↑	↑
TIMP1	↑	↑	↑	↑
TIMP4	↑	↑	Ø	Ø
Ncad	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
Connexin-43	↑	↑	↑	↑
Axonal damage
NF-H	↑	Ø	↑	↑
Tau	↑	↑	Ø	Ø
Neuronal damage
NSE	Ø	↑	↑	Ø
CK-BB	↑	↑	↑	Ø
Glial damage
GFAP	Ø	Ø	Ø	Ø
S100β	Ø	Ø	Ø	↑
MBP	↑	Ø	↑	Ø