Figure 1. Proposed mechanism of hepatitis virus-induced and immune-mediated liver injury. The significant role of the innate and adaptive immune response, including macrophages and CD4-CD8- double negative T cells expressing fgl2, natural killer cells and their production of KCTD9, as well as the interaction between dendritic cells and T lymphocytes is shown. KCs, Kupffer cells; NK, natural killer cells; Treg, Regulatory T Cell; DNT, double negative T cell; DCs, dendritic cells; IFN-γ, Interferon γ; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; MHV-3, Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; TNF-R, Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor; KCTD9, Potassium Channel Tetramerisation Domain Containing 9, cEts2-HNF4, cEts2-Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4;TLR 4, Toll Like Receptor 4; MHC, Major Histocompatibility Complex.