Table 2.
Summary of in vitro and in vivo studies showing epigenetic marks associated with diabetic vascular complications. ∗Studies directly related to the endothelial glycemic memory.
| Type of epigenetic change | Location | Enzyme | Cell type | Target genes/functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HAc and HMe | ↑ H3K9Ac, ↑ H3K4me3 | T1D monocytes | ↑ STAT1, ↑ TNFα, and ↑ IL1A | [76] | |
| HAc and HMe | ↑ H3K9Ac, ↑ H3K12Ac, ↑ H3K4me2, and ↑ H3K4me3 |
HUVECs | ↑ eNOS | [89] | |
| HMe | ↑ H3K27me3 | eEPCs | ↑ eNOS | [90] | |
| HMe | ↑ H3K4me1, ↓ H3K9me2, and ↓ H3K9me3 | Set7, SUV39h1, and LSD-1 | HG HMECs | ↑ NFκB P65 | [80] |
| HMe | ↑ H3K4me1 | Set7 | HG HMECs | ↑ ICAM1, ↑ IL8, and ↓ HMOX1 | [81] |
| HMe | ↓ H3K4me1, ↓ H3K4me2 | LSD-1 | HG rat retinal ECs | ↓ Sod2 | [77] |
| HAc | ↓ H3 acetylation | ↓ HAT ↑ HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC8 | HG rat retinal ECs∗ | [79] | |
| HAc | ↑ H3 acetylation | HAT cofactor p300 | HG HUVECs∗ | ↑ ET-1, ↑ FN, ↑ VEGF, ↑ NFκB, ↑ AP-1, ↑ MEF2, and ↑ GATA |
[83] |
| HMe | ↑ H3K4me | Set7/9 | Monocytes | ↑ NFκB, ↑ TNFα, ↑ RAGE, and ↑ JMJD3; ↑ monocyte adhesion to ECs |
[82] |
|
| |||||
| DNAme | ↑ Promoter of UNC13B | T1D whole blood cells | ↓ UNC13B; ↑ chronic kidney disease | [91] | |
| DNAme | ↑ Promoter of POLG1 | HG rat retinal Ecs∗ | ↓ POLG1; ↑ glomerular apoptosis, ↑ d-loop damage in mt DNA | [93] | |
| DNAme | ↑ Global hypomethylation | Diabetic foot ulcer fibroblasts∗ | ↓ Wound healing process | [92] | |
HAc, histone acetylation; HMe, histone methylation; DNAme, DNA methylation; HG, hyperglycemic.