(e) Dental pulp derived stem cells (DPSCSs) from deciduous/permanent teeth

Reference	Cell source	Species	Gender	Age Week/months	Weight (mg/kg)	Total number of animals	Defect type and location	Transplanted cell number	Scaffold/growth factors/cues	Period	Evaluation methods	Observation
Laino et al. 2006 [75]	Human (deciduous teeth)	Rat	na	10–12 wk	na	5	SC	Woven bone obtained by in vitro SHED culture	Woven bone	4 wk	Histology	Woven bone remodeled to lamellar bone with osteocytes entrapped within the lamella
Otaki et al. 2007 [76]	Human	Mice	na	7 wk	na	na	SC	2 × 106 to 1.8 × 107	HA/TCP	7 wk 15 wk	Histology	50% bone formation seen
de Mendonça Costa et al. 2008 [77]	Human	Rat	M	4 months	320–420 gm	8	Cranium (5 × 8 mm)	1 × 106	Collagen membrane	7 d 20 d 30 d 60 d 120 d	Histology	Defect healed with new bone formation
Zhang et al. 2008 [44]	Rat	Mice	na	10 wk	na	10	SC	5 × 106	HA/TCP	5 wk 10 wk	Histology	No evidence of bone formation
Morito et al. 2009 [78]	Human	Mice	na	10 wk	na	na	SC	4 × 105	PLGA with Calcium Phosphate	5 wk 10 wk	Histology	Confirmed bone and cartilage formation
Yang et al. 2009 [79]	Rat	Mice	na	10 wk	na	12	SC	5 × 106	AdBMP-2 HA/TCP	1 wk 4 wk 12 wk	Histology	Enhance mineral tissue formation
Kraft et al. 2010 [80]	Human	Mice	F	8 wk	na	2	1.5 cm deep pouch	5 × 105	HA-TCP	8 wk	Histology	Lamellar bone like structure
Chan et al. 2011 [81]	Human	Mice	na	6 wk	na	5	SC pouch	1 × 105	SAPN	4 wk	Histology	Mineralized tissue formed
Ito et al. 2011 [82]	Dog	Dog	na	2 yr	na	3	Hemimandible 10 × 10 mm	1 × 107	PRP gel	8 wk	Histology	Significant amount of new bone formation seen in the defect
Li et al. 2011 [83]	Human	Mice	na	6 wk	na	8	SC	na	None	4 wk	Histology X ray	Bone formation seen.
Liu et al. 2011 [84]	Rabbit	New Zealand Rabbit	F	Na	2.5–3 kg	36	Segmental 10 × 4 × 3 mm	1 × 108	n HAC/PLA rh-BMP-2 eFG	12 wk	Histology X ray	Bone regenerated in the defect area
Pisciotta et al. 2012 [85]	Human	Rat	M	14 wk	na	10	5.8 × 1.5 mm cranial	1 × 106	Collagen sponge	6 wk	Histology	Regeneration of resected bone
Riccio et al. 2012 [86]	Human	Rat	M	12–14 wk	na	15	5 × 8 mm parietal	na	Silk fibroin	4 wk	Histology	Induce new bone formation in the critical sized defect
Annibali et al. 2013 [42]	Human	Mice	na	50 days	na	75	Parietal (4 × 1 mm)	1 × 106	DBB β TCP Hydrogel-ceramic composite sponge	1 wk 2 wk 4 wk 8 wk	Histology	TE constructs did not significantly improve bone regeneration
Khorsand et al. 2013 [87]	Dog	Dog	M	1-2 yr	14–22 kg	10	3 × 5 × 8 mm	2 × 107	BIO-OSS	8 wk	Histology	Woven bone formation seen and no significant difference seen between control and experimental group
Maraldi et al. 2013 [88]	Human	Rat	M	12–14 wk	na	30	Parietal 5 × 8 mm	na	Collagen	4 wk 8 wk	Histology	New bone formation seen in the defect
Wang et al. 2013 [89]	Rat	Rat	F	8 wk	na	30	Ovariectomy Renal capsule	1 × 106	Absorbable gelatin sponge	14 days	Histology	Estrogen deficiency inhibits osteogenic potential of DPSCS (downregulated by NF-κB pathway)
Annibali et al. 2014 [43]	Human	Rat	na	50 days	na	8	Parietal (5 × 1 mm)	na	GDPB β TCP	2 wk 4 wk 8 wk 12 wk	µ-CT µ-PET	Addition of stem cell did not increase new bone formation
Ling et al. 2014 [90]	Rabbit	New Zealand Rabbit	na	na	2.5–3 kg	6	SC	1 × 106	n HAC/PLA  β TCP	8 wk	Histology	Mature bone formation seen
Niu et al. 2014 [91]	Human	Mice	M	5 wk	na	6	SC	5 × 106	ISCS NCS	8 wk	Histology	New bone formation seen.