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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 13.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014 Sep 30;11(1):45–54. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.164

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Femur fracture repair. The major metabolic phases (blue bars) of fracture healing overlap with biological stages (brown bars). The primary metabolic phases (anabolic and catabolic) of fracture healing are presented in the context of three major biological stages (inflammatory, endochondral bone formation and coupled remodelling) that encompass these phases. The primary cell types that are found at each stage, and the time span of their prevalence in each stage, are denoted. The time scale of healing is equivalent to a mouse closed femur fracture fixed with an intramedullary rod. Abbreviations: BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor; DKK1, Dickkopf-related protein 1; LRP, LDL-receptor-related protein; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; PTH, parathyroid hormone; PTHrP, parathyroid-hormone-related protein; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand.