Table 1.
Characteristics with study groups§.
| Parameters | Normal control (NC) | Diabetic kidney damage (DKD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal SUA▽ | High SUA▽ | ||
| Number | 26 | 44 | 35 |
| Age (year) | 57.1 ± 6.4 | 59.9 ± 8.3 | 61.0 ± 10.4 |
| Female (%) | 50.0 (13/26) | 52.3 (23/44) | 65.7 (23/35) |
| BMI1 (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 5.3 | 26.0 ± 4.2 | 26.1 ± 5.1 |
| Hypertension (%) | 0* | 81.8 (36/44)∆ | 88.6 (31/35)∆ |
| eGFR2 (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 127.9 (108.1–139.1)* | 81.79 (55.7–118.7)∆ | 54.70 (38.7–85.9)∗∆ |
| CKD stage3 | 2.0 (1–3) | 3 (2-3)* | |
| BUN4 (mmol/L) | 5.20 (4.6–5.7)* | 6.9 (5.7–8.3)∆ | 8.2 (6.6–11.2)∗∆ |
| SCr5 (μmol/L) | 57.95 (52.5–65.7)* | 85.6 (58.4–115.9)∆ | 119.3 (78.4–160.7)∗∆ |
| SUA (μmol/L) | 255.19 ± 68.25* | 314.5 ± 58.9∆ | 470.6 ± 80.1∗∆ |
| UUA6 (mmol/24 h) | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.1∗∆ |
| Urine TRF7 (mg/L) | 0.0 (0-0)* | 9.0 (1.1–82.5)∆ | 18 (1.4–64.0)∆ |
| α1-MG/UCR8 (g/mol) | 0.0 (0-0)* | 3.2 (80–11.31)∆ | 4.05 (0–8.6)∆ |
| MALB9 (mg/L) | 13.75 (12.5–21.4)* | 265.6 (67.9–495.9)∆ | 335.3 (121.1–576.5)∆ |
| MALB/UCR10 (g/mol) | 2.81 (2.3–4.0)* | 40.04 (7.3–97.0)∆ | 59.90 (17.5–91.8)∆ |
| Urine RBP11 (mg/L) | 0.60 (0.5-0.6)* | 2.6 (1.2–3.6)∆ | 2.8 (2.0–3.6)∆ |
| Urine protein (g/24 h) | 0.055 (0.03–0.09)* | 0.57 (0.1–2.4)∆ | 1.0 (0.2–2.3)∆ |
§Values are represented as mean ± standard error, median (25%–75% interquartile), or percentage where appropriate. ▽SUA, serum uric acid. SUA ≥360 μmol/L (6 mg/dL) in females and ≥420 μmol/L (7 mg/dL) in males are considered as high SUA; otherwise, the levels are considered as normal SUA. * P < 0.05, compared to DKD patients with normal SUA; ∆ P < 0.05, compared to normal control.
1BMI, body mass index; 2eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; the calculation is based on the modified-MDRD equation; 3CKD stage, chronic kidney disease stages are classified according to K/DOQI CKD guideline (https://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/guidelines_commentaries); 4BUN, blood urea nitrogen; 5SCr, serum creatinine; 6UUA, urinary uric acid; 7TRF, transferrin; 8 α1-MG/UCR, urinary α1-microglobulin/creatinine ratio; 9MALB, urinary microalbumin; 10MALB/UCR, urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio; 11RBP, retinol binding protein.