Table 2.
Mean cognitive scores by demographics and socioeconomic characteristics of the MESA cohort: CASI, DSC and Digit Spans Forward and Backward.
| CASI | DSC | DIGIT SPAN | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forward | Backward | ||||||||||||||
| N | Mean (SD) | B (SE) | Test Statistic* (p) |
N | Mean (SD) | B (SE) | Test Statistic* (p) |
N | Mean (SD) |
B (SE) | Test Statistic* (p) |
Mean (SD) |
B (SE) | Test Statistic* (p) |
|
| Age Group (years) | |||||||||||||||
| 55-64 | 1531 | 89.1 (11.1) | (reference) | F= 75.7 df=3,4587 (<0.001) | 404 | 59.2 (17.4) | (reference) | F=315.8 df=3,4155 (<0.001) | 1528 | 10.0 (2.8) | (reference) | F = 27.8 df=3,4566 (<0.001) | 6.0 (2.5) | (reference) | F = 39.0 df=3,4566 (<0.001) |
| 65-74 | 1414 | 87.9 (10.4) | −1.17 (0.41) | 1293 | 51.2 (16.6) | −7.98 (0.64) | 1410 | 9.7 (2.8) | −0.33 (0.10) | 5.7 (2.4) | −0.34 (0.08) | ||||
| 75-84 | 1271 | 84.8 (11.6) | −4.34 (0.42) | 1136 | 42.7 (16.4) | −16.52 (0.67) | 1267 | 9.4 (2.7) | −0.67 (0.10) | 5.2 (2.2) | −0.76 (0.08) | ||||
| 85-94 | 375 | 81.0 (12.4) | −8.15 (.64) | 331 | 33.9 (16.3) | −25.34 (1.02) | 372 | 8.7 (2.7) | −1.29 (0.16) | 4.8 (2.1) | −1.19 (0.13) | ||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 2440 | 86.5 (11.7) | (reference) | F= 4.56 df=1,4589 (0.03) | 2223 | 51.1 (19.2) | (reference) | F= 9.8 df=1,4157 (0.001) | 2433 | 9.5 (2.8) | (reference) | F= 12.7 df=1,4568 (0.004) | 5.6 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 0.08 df=1,4568 (0.77) |
| Male | 2151 | 87.2 (11.0) | 0.72 (0.34) | 1941 | 49.2 (19.0) | −1.81 (0.57) | 2144 | 9.8 (2.8) | 0.29 (0.08) | 5.6 (2.4) | 0.02(0.07) | ||||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1868 | 90.8 (9.1) | (reference) | F=156.2 df=3,4587 (<0.001) | 1668 | 56.6 (16.3) | (reference) | F= 203.9 df=3,4155 (<0.001) | 1861 | 10.0 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 356.2 df=3, 4566 (<0.001) | 6.4 (2.3) | (reference) | F=240.7 df=3,4566 (<0.001) |
| Chinese | 527 | 84.5 (12.1) | −6.33 (0.53) | 499 | 56.2 (18.6) | −0.40 (0.88) | 524 | 12.1 (3.3) | 2.04 (0.12) | 6.1 (2.4) | −0.41 (0.10) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1212 | 85.4 (11.3) | −5.39 (0.40) | 1052 | 45.2 (16.8) | −11.36 (0.68) | 1211 | 9.5 (2.4) | −0.52 (0.09) | 5.1 (2.1) | −1.34 (0.08) | ||||
| Hispanic | 984 | 82.3 (12.5) | −8.51 (0.42) | 945 | 41.4 (19.2) | −15.18 (0.70) | 981 | 7.8 (2.4) | −2.23 (0.09) | 4.3 (2.0) | −2.20 (0.08) | ||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| LT High School | 650 | 77.0 (13.6) | (reference) | F=210.3 df =4,4579 (<0.001) | 592 | 31.0 (15.8) | (reference) | F= 314.7 df=4,4149 (<0.001) | 648 | 8.2 (3.1) | (reference) | F= 90.8 df=4,4558 (<0.001) | 3.8 (1.9) | (reference) | F=193.6 df=4,4558 (<0.001) |
| HS Graduate | 797 | 85.0 (10.7) | 7.98 (0.55) | 733 | 45.7 (16.6) | 14.72 (0.90) | 793 | 9.2 (2.7) | 1.22 (0.14) | 5.1 (2.0) | 1.31(0.11) | ||||
| Some College | 1332 | 87.9 (10.2) | 10.88 (0.50) | 1198 | 51.9 (16.6) | 20.85 (0.82) | 1328 | 9.7 (2.6) | 1.69 (0.12) | 5.6 (2.2) | 1.87(0.10) | ||||
| College Graduate | 852 | 89.8 (9.3) | 12.78 (0.55) | 778 | 56.8 (16.3) | 25.77 (0.89) | 848 | 10.3 (2.7) | 2.30 (0.14) | 6.3 (2.3) | 2.49(0.11) | ||||
| Post Graduate | 953 | 91.2 (9.1) | 14.16 (0.53) | 858 | 59.0 (16.1) | 27.98 (0.87) | 953 | 10.3 (2.5) | 2.27 (0.14) | 6.6 (2.4) | 2.86(0.11) | ||||
| Household Income | |||||||||||||||
| LT $20,000 | 831 | 81.0 (13.4) | (reference) | F=124.1 df =4,4456 (<0.001) | 762 | 38.9 (18.7) | (reference) | F= 192.5 df= 4,4046 (<0.001) | 826 | 9.2 (3.4) | (reference) | F= 29.2 df=4,4436 (<0.001) | 4.6 (2.2) | (reference) | 108.7 df=4,4436 (<0.001) |
| $20,000-34,999 | 889 | 84.9 (11.8) | 3.97 (0.52) | 820 | 46.2 (18.2) | 7.16 (0.85) | 890 | 9.2 (2.9) | −0.001(0.13) | 5.1 (2.2) | .53 (0.11) | ||||
| $35,000-49,999 | 743 | 87.7 (10.0) | 6.72 (0.54) | 663 | 50.0 (16.5) | 11.06 (0.90) | 740 | 9.6 (2.5) | 0.45 (0.14) | 5.5 (2.3) | .90 (0.11) | ||||
| $50,000-$99,999 | 1282 | 89.3 (10.4) | 8.33 (0.48) | 1167 | 55.4 (16.2) | 16.49 (0.79) | 1278 | 10.0 (2.6) | 0.80 (0.12) | 6.1 (2.4) | 1.47 (0.10) | ||||
| GE $100,000 | 716 | 91.8 (6.9) | 10.88 (0.55) | 644 | 61.4 (15.2) | 22.47 (0.91) | 714 | 10.4 (2.5) | 1.19 (0.14) | 6.8 (2.4) | 2.15 (0.11) | ||||
| Health Insurance | |||||||||||||||
| Private | 2633 | 88.8 (10.6) | (reference) | F=60.2 df=5,4567 (<0.001) | 2400 | 55.6 (17.8) | (reference) | F= 131 df=5, 4139 (<0.001) | 2625 | 9.9 (2.7) | (reference) | F =12.0 df=5,4546 (<0.001) | 6.0 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 35.4 df=5,4546 (<0.001) |
| Medicaid | 55 | 77.9 (14.6) | −10.9 (1.50) | 52 | 37.0 (20.4) | −18.61 (2.42) | 55 | 8.8 (3.2) | −1.05 (0.38) | 4.0 (2.0) | −1.96 (0.32) | ||||
| Medicare + Suppl | 761 | 86.4 (9.5) | −2.37 (0.45) | 678 | 44.2 (15.8) | −11.52 (0.75) | 757 | 9.3 (2.5) | −0.56 (0.11) | 5.4 (2.1) | −.52 (0.09) | ||||
| Medicare no Suppl | 619 | 81.1 (14.0) | −7.69 (0.49) | 552 | 37.5 16.9) | −18.08 (0.81) | 617 | 9.1 (3.0) | −0.77 (0.12) | 4.9 (2.2) | −1.08 (0.10) | ||||
| VA/Other | 148 | 87.9 (7.7) | −0.89 (0.93) | 138 | 48.0 (17.6) | −7.65 (1.51) | 148 | 9.7 (2.7) | −0.18 (0.23) | 5.3 (2.3) | −0.61 (0.19) | ||||
| None | 357 | 84.7 (12.1) | −4.04 (0.62) | 330 | 47.4 (17.3) | −8.23 (1.01) | 357 | 9.4 (3.5) | −0.47 (0.15) | 5.0 (2.3) | −0.98 (0.13) | ||||
| Number in Household | |||||||||||||||
| One | 1277 | 85.6 (12.2) | (reference) | F= 9.9 df=3,4561 (<0.001) | 1143 | 46.2 (19.0) | (reference) | F= 30.5 df=3,4136 (<0.001) | 1274 | 9.4 (2.7) | (reference) | F= 8.4 df=3,4540 (<0.001) | 5.4 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 7.83 df=3,4540 (<0.001) |
| Two | 2012 | 87.6 (10.4) | 2.00(0.41) | 1840 | 50.9 (17.3) | 4.60 (0.69) | 2004 | 9.7 (2.7) | 0.33 (0.10) | 5.6 (2.3) | 0.22 (0.08) | ||||
| Three-Four | 987 | 87.3 (11.7) | 1.69(0.48) | 893 | 54.0 (18.8) | 7.67 (0.82) | 984 | 9.9 (3.0) | 0.56 (0.11) | 5.8 (2.5) | 0.38 (0.10) | ||||
| Five or more | 289 | 85.6 (12.8) | −.09(0.73) | 269 | 50.6 (21.6) | 4.33 (1.24) | 289 | 9.5 (3.2) | 0.10 (0.18) | 5.2 (2.5) | −0.22 (0.15) | ||||
| Place of Birth | |||||||||||||||
| US - West | 229 | 87.5 (13.8) | (reference) | F=74.6 df=4,4586 (<0.001) | 220 | 57.6 (17.6) | (reference) | F= 81.1 df=4, 4154 (<0.001) | 228 | 9.4 (2.6) | (reference) | F = 4.6 df=4,4565 (0.001) | 5.6 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 44.9 df=4,4565 (<0.001) |
| US - Midwest | 1090 | 90.2 (9.2) | 2.68 (0.80) | 1013 | 56.4 (16.3) | −1.18 (1.33) | 1084 | 9.7 (2.4) | 0.30 (0.20) | 6.1 (2.3) | 0.51 (0.17) | ||||
| US - South | 1389 | 87.0 (11.3) | −0.56 (0.78) | 1168 | 47.6 (17.3) | −9.97 (1.31) | 1383 | 9.6 (2.4) | 0.12 (0.19) | 5.5 (2.2) | −0.11 (0.16) | ||||
| US - Northeast | 473 | 89.8 (9.8) | 2.25 (0.88) | 429 | 55.2 (15.6) | −2.39 (1.48) | 472 | 10.1 (2.5) | 0.65 (0.22) | 6.4 (2.5) | 0.81 (0.18) | ||||
| Foreign-born | 1410 | 83.1 (11.9) | −4.42 (0.78) | 1329 | 45.0 (20.2) | −12.51 (1.30) | 1403 | 9.5 (3.5) | 0.09 (0.19) | 5.1 (2.4) | −0.50 (0.16) | ||||
| Years in the US | |||||||||||||||
| US born | 3362 | 88.2 (10.9) | (reference) | F=57.2 df=3,4587 (<0.001) | 2999 | 52.1 (17.7) | (reference) | F= 51.0 df=3,4155 (<0.001) | 3354 | 9.6 (2.5) | (reference) | F=48.7 df=3,4566 (<0.001) | 5.8 (2.3) | (reference) | F= 29.3 df=3,4566 (<0.001) |
| LT 15 years | 263 | 82.9 (12.0) | −5.32 (0.71) | 247 | 49.2 (19.8) | −2.91 (1.21) | 263 | 11.0 (3.8) | 1.32 (0.17) | 5.4 (2.6) | −0.37(0.15) | ||||
| 15-20 years | 422 | 83.7 (12.8) | −4.45 (0.57) | 405 | 47.8 (20.9) | −4.38 (0.96) | 419 | 10.1 (3.7) | 0.44 (0.14) | 5.3 (2.5) | −0.51 (0.12) | ||||
| 30 years or more | 544 | 83.2 (10.9) | −4.96 (0.51) | 513 | 41.6 (18.7) | −10.47 (0.87) | 541 | 8.6 (2.9) | −1.02(0.12) | 4.8 (2.3) | −0.95 (0.10) | ||||
| English Spoken at Home | |||||||||||||||
| No | 595 | 81.8 (12.1) | (reference) | F=140.0 df=1,4589 (<0.001) | 563 | 41.6 (21.1) | (reference) | F=145.6 df=1,4157 (<0.001) | 592 | 9.8 (3.8) | (reference) | F= 1.6 df=1,4568 (0.21) | 4.8 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 71.3 df=1,4568 (<0.001) |
| Yes | 3996 | 87.6 (11.1) | 5.83 (0.49) | 3601 | 51.6 (17.8) | 10.02 (0.83) | 3985 | 9.6 (2.6) | −0.15 (0.12) | 5.7 (2.4) | 0.88 (0.10) | ||||
| Language at MESA exam | |||||||||||||||
| English | 3687 | 88.2 (10.6) | (reference) | F=158.2 df=2,4588 (<0.001) | 3305 | 52.4 (17.4) | (reference) | F=305.5 df=2,4256 (<0.001) | 3677 | 9.6 (2.4) | (reference) | F=617.7 df=2,4567 (<0.001) | 5.8 (2.3) | (reference) | F= 187.9 df=2,4567 (<0.001) |
| Spanish | 486 | 79.4 (12.3) | −8.87 (0.53) | 464 | 31.4 (16.2) | −21.03 (0.86) | 485 | 7.0 (2.3) | −2.61(0.11) | 3.7 (1.8) | −2.08 (0.11) | ||||
| Mandarin/Cantonese | 418 | 83.7 (12.8) | −4.51 (0.56) | 395 | 53.7 (18.3) | 1.17 (0.92) | 415 | 12.8 (3.0) | 3.21 (0.12) | 6.1 (2.5) | 0.29 (0.11) | ||||
| Generation in US | |||||||||||||||
| First | 1395 | 83.1 (11.9) | (reference) | F=58.3 df=3,4462 (0.001) | 1319 | 45.1 (20.3) | (reference) | F= 72.3 df=3,4058 (<0.001) | 1389 | 9.5 (3.5) | (reference) | F= 5.8 df=3,4441 (0.001) | 5.1 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 37.6 df=3,4441 (<0.001) |
| Second | 561 | 88.0 (8.6) | 4.95 (0.55) | 516 | 52.2 (17.3) | 7.22 (0.94) | 562 | 9.5 (2.5) | 0.01 (0.13) | 5.9 (2.4) | 0.80 (0.11) | ||||
| Third | 762 | 90.2 (10.9) | 7.07 (0.49) | 686 | 57.2 (16.3) | 12.20 (0.85) | 758 | 10.1 (2.4) | 0.55 (0.12) | 6.3 (2.4) | 1.25 (0.10) | ||||
| Fourth or more | 1748 | 88.0 (11.2) | 4.96 (0.39) | 1546 | 50.8 (17.4) | 5.77 (0.68) | 1743 | 9.6 (2.4) | 0.05 (0.10) | 5.6 (2.3) | 0.52 (0.08) | ||||
| Occupation | |||||||||||||||
| Homemaker | 439 | 85.0 (12.9) | (reference) | F= 38.5 df=5,4576 (<0.001) | 397 | 47.0 (18.6) | (reference) | F=120.8 df=5,4146 (<0.001) | 441 | 9.2 (2.9) | (reference) | F= 5.9 df=5,4555 (<0.001) | 5.2 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 29.3 df=5,4555 (<0.001) |
| Working FT | 2061 | 88.8 (10.6) | 3.74 (0.58) | 1884 | 56.3 (17.0) | 9.30 (0.96) | 2054 | 10.0 (2.8) | 0.79 (0.14) | 5.9 (2.4) | 0.71 (0.12) | ||||
| Working PT | 446 | 88.2 (11.4) | 3.17 (0.75) | 403 | 53.2 (19.5) | 6.15 (1.23) | 445 | 9.8 (2.9) | 0.62 (0.18) | 6.0 (2.5) | 0.76 (0.15) | ||||
| Unemployed/on leave | 149 | 87.6 (8.2) | 2.56 (1.05) | 137 | 48.4 (17.4) | 1.37 (1.72) | 150 | 9.5 (2.8) | 0.31 (0.26) | 5.4 (2.5) | 0.22 (0.22) | ||||
| Retired-not working | 937 | 83.0 (12.7) | −2.04 (0.64) | 842 | 39.5 (17.2) | −7.49 (1.06) | 929 | 9.1 (2.8) | −0.04 (0.16) | 4.9 (2.1) | −0.29 (0.13) | ||||
| Retired-working/volunteering | 550 | 86.8 (9.8) | 1.79 (0.71) | 494 | 46.0 (16.5) | −1.02 (1.17) | 549 | 9.4 (2.4) | .026 (0.17) | 5.4 (2.2) | 0.14 (0.15) | ||||
| ApoE allele | |||||||||||||||
| ApeE 3/3 | 2804 | 87.0 (11.4) | (reference) | F= 3.6 df=4,4586 (0.03) | 2797 | 15.4 (4.6) | (reference) | F= 2.7 df=4,4154 (0.03) | 2797 | 9.7 (2.9) | (reference) | F= 2.7 df=4,4565 (<0.03) | 5.6 (2.4) | (reference) | F= 2.1 df=4,4565 (0.08) |
| ApoE 2/3 | 346 | 88.2 (9.9) | 1.17 (0.64) | 344 | 15.4 (4.5) | −.09 (1.10) | 344 | 9.6 (2.6) | −0.09 (0.15) | 5.8 (2.5) | 0.14 (0.13) | ||||
| ApoE 4/4 | 103 | 85.7 (10.7) | −1.36 (1.14) | 102 | 14.4 (3.9) | −3.64 (1.93) | 102 | 9.2 (2.4) | −0.55 (0.28) | 5.2 (2.2) | −0.39 (0.24) | ||||
| ApoE 2/4** or 3/4 | 1032 | 86.1 (12.6) | −0.91 (0.41) | 1026 | 14.9 (4.5) | −1.12 (0.71) | 1026 | 9.4 (2.8) | −0.28 (0.10) | 5.5 (2.3) | −0.14 (0.08) | ||||
| Missing | 306 | 86.8 (8.0) | −0.26 (0.68) | 308 | 15.0 (3.9) | −1.41 (1.18) | 308 | 9.6 (2.4) | −0.12 (0.16) | 5.4 (2.2) | −0.20 (0.14) | ||||
*
F-test (degrees freedom model) are presented.
**
only 3 participants had ApoE 2/4 genotype