Table 3.
Multivariate associations between cognitive test scores and sociodemographic characteristics in English-speaking participants of the MESA cohort adjusted for age, gender, race and education. Unstandardized Beta coefficient (Coeff), standard error (SE), Test statistic (t) and p-value (p) are shown.
| CASI | DSC | DIGIT SPANS | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forward | Backward | ||||||||||||||
| N | B (SE) | t | P | N | B (SE) | t | p | N | B (SE) | t | p | B (SE) | t | p | |
| Age (years)* | 3677 | −0.001 (0.005) | −2.67, df=3675 | 0.008 | 3297 | −0.79 (0.03) | −30.76, df=3295 | <0.001 | 3664 | −0.04 (0.004) | −9.96, df=3662 | <0.001 | −0.03 (0.004) | −8.76, df=3662 | <0.001 |
| Gender * | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 1955 | (reference) | 1760 | (reference) | 1945 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| Male | 1732 | 0.002 (0.09) | 0.24, df=3682 | 0.81 | 1537 | −4.43 (0.48) | −9.33, df=3295 | <0.001 | 1719 | 0.19 (0.08) | 2.48, df =3662 | 0.01 | −0.22 (0.07) | −3.12, df =3662 | 0.002 |
| Race/Ethnicity* | |||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1865 | (reference) | 1665 | (reference) | 1858 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| Chinese | 110 | −0.04 (0.03) | −1.50, df=1973 | 0.13 | 105 | 4.44 (1.37) | 3.25, df=1768 | 0.001 | 110 | −1.16 (0.23) | −5.05, df=1966 | <0.001 | −0.80 (0.21) | −3.81, df=1966 | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1205 | −0.06 (0.01) | −5.02, df=3068 | 0.001 | 1046 | −10.08(0.54) | −18.61, df=2709 | <0.001 | 1200 | −0.38 (0.09) | −4.39, df=3056 | <0.001 | −1.17 (0.08) | −14.61, df=3056 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 497 | −0.05 (0,02) | −2.90, df=2360 | 0.004 | 481 | −2.74 (0.73) | −3.74, df=2144 | <0.001 | 496 | −1.21 (0.12) | −9.87, df=2352 | <0.001 | −1.26 (0.11) | −11.22, df=2352 | <0.001 |
| Education* | |||||||||||||||
| LT High School | 254 | (reference) | 216 | (reference) | 252 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| HS Graduate | 634 | 0.11 (0.02) | 5.17, df=886 | <0.001 | 577 | 8.25 (1.08) | 7.62, df=791 | <0.001 | 631 | 0.71 (0.17) | 4.06, df=881 | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.16) | 4.64, df=881 | <0.001 |
| Some College | 1163 | 0.14 (0.02) | 6.82, df=1415 | <0.001 | 1034 | 12.91 (1.03) | 12.59, df=1248 | <0.001 | 1158 | 1.13 (0.16) | 6.91, df=1408 | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.15) | 8.47, df=1408 | <0.001 |
| College Graduate | 740 | 0.18 (0.02) | 7.85, df=992 | <0.001 | 675 | 15.90 (1.09) | 14.57, df=889 | <0.001 | 738 | 1.36 (0.17) | 7.79, df=988 | <0.001 | 1.58 (0.16) | 10.18, df=988 | <0.001 |
| Post Graduate | 886 | 0.17 (0.02) | 7.95, df=1138 | <0.001 | 795 | 18.77 (1.08) | 17.40, df=1009 | <0.001 | 885 | 1.60 (0.17) | 9.29, df=1135 | <0.001 | 1.98 (0.16) | 12.92, df=1135 | <0.001 |
| Household Income | |||||||||||||||
| LT $20,000 | 436 | (reference) | 387 | (reference) | 434 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| $20,000-34,999 | 638 | 0.007 (0.02) | 0.35, df=1072 | 0.73 | 576 | 1.10 (0.89) | 1.23, df=961 | 0.22 | 635 | −0.06 (0.15) | −0.41, df=1067 | 0.79 | 0.18 (0.13) | 1.38, df=1067 | 0.17 |
| $35,000-49,999 | 639 | 0.05 (0.02) | 2.38, df=1073 | 0.02 | 569 | 1.19 (0.92) | 1.30, df=954 | 0.19 | 637 | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.57, df=1069 | 0.47 | 0.15 (0.14) | 1.08, df=1069 | 0.28 |
| $50,000-$99,999 | 1166 | 0.03 (0.02) | 1.83, df=1600 | 0.07 | 1058 | 4.05 (0.87) | 4.67, df=1443 | <0.001 | 1163 | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.97, df=1595 | 0.22 | 0.45 (0.13) | 3.43, df=1595 | 0.001 |
| GE $100,000 | 686 | 0.05 (0.02) | 2.45, df=1120 | 0.01 | 614 | 6.73 (1.00) | 6.71, df=999 | <0.001 | 684 | 0.29 (0.16) | 1.80, df=1116 | 0.04 | 0.65 (0.15) | 4.37, df=1116 | <0.001 |
| Neighborhood Income | 3662 | 0.004 (0.002) | 1.66, df=3660 | 0.10 | 3291 | 0.62 (0.11) | 5.64, df=3295 | <0.001 | 3664 | 0.008 (0.02) | 0.41, df=3662 | 0.67 | 0.03 (0.02) | 2.01, df=3662 | 0.04 |
| Health Insurance | |||||||||||||||
| Private | 2258 | (reference) | 2039 | (reference) | 2249 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| Medicare + Suppl | 699 | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.69, df=2955 | 0.49 | 619 | −0.69 (0.80) | −0.69, df=2656 | 0.32 | 694 | −0.09 (0.13) | −0.66, df=2941 | 0.51 | −0.14 (0.12) | −1.20, df=2941 | 0.23 |
| Medicare no Suppl | 411 | −0.03 (0.02) | −1.71, df=2667 | 0.09 | 357 | −3.55 (1.25) | −3.35, df=2394 | 0.001 | 409 | −0.13 (0.15) | −0.88, df=2656 | 0.38 | −0.16 (0.14) | −1.19, df=2656 | 0.23 |
| VA/Other | 135 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.97, df=2391 | 0.33 | 125 | −3.06 (1.15) | −2.85, df=2162 | 0.004 | 135 | 0.09 (0.21) | 0.47, df=2382 | 0.64 | −0.34 (0.19) | −1.77, df=2382 | 0.08 |
| None | 168 | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.90, df=2424 | 0.37 | 149 | −3.55 (1.25) | −3.09, df=2186 | 0.002 | 168 | −0.49 (0.19) | −2.64, df=2415 | 0.008 | −0.41 (0.17) | −2.39, df=2415 | 0.02 |
| Number in HH | |||||||||||||||
| One | 1095 | (reference) | 968 | (reference) | 1091 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| Two | 1677 | 0.02 (0.01) | 1.80, df=2770 | 0.07 | 1523 | 1.48 (0.56) | 2.62, df=2489 | 0.009 | 1672 | −0.15 (0.09) | −1.62, df=2761 | 0.10 | −0.10 (0.08) | −1.23, df=2761 | 0.18 |
| Three-four | 717 | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.62, df=1810 | 0.53 | 638 | 0.86 (0.73) | 1.17, df=1604 | 0.24 | 713 | 0.06 (0.12) | 0.50, df=1802 | 0.62 | 0.12 (0.11) | 1.13, df=1802 | 0.30 |
| Five or more | 169 | 0.005 (0.03) | 0.19, df=1262 | 0.85 | 154 | −0.64 (1.22) | −0.52,df=1120 | 0.60 | 169 | 0.03 (0.20) | 0.16, df=1258 | 0.88 | −0.22 (0.18) | −1.21, df=1258 | 0.20 |
| Birthplace | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign-born | 507 | (reference) | 475 | (reference) | 497 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| US West | 225 | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.67, df=730 | 0.50 | 217 | 10.32 (1.11) | 9.30, df=690 | <0.001 | 225 | 0.38 (0.19) | 1.99, df=720 | 0.05 | 0.11 (0.17) | 0.68, df=720 | 0.50 |
| US Midwest | 1089 | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.80, df=1594 | 0.42 | 1012 | 6.73 (0.81) | 8.29, df=1485 | <0.001 | 1083 | 0.16 (0.14) | 1.18, df=1578 | 0.24 | 0.06 (0.12) | 0.49, df=1578 | 0.62 |
| US South | 1385 | 0.005 (0.02) | 0.26, df=1890 | 0.79 | 1168 | 3.39 (0.82) | 4.14, df=1643 | <0.001 | 1381 | 0.17 (0.14) | 1.25, df=1876 | 0.21 | −0.05 (0.12) | −0.37, df=1876 | 0.71 |
| US Northeast | 471 | 0.003 (0.02) | 0.14, df=976 | 0.89 | 427 | 5.73 (0.96) | 6.00, df=900 | <0.001 | 470 | 0.41 (0.16) | 2.55, df=965 | 0.01 | 0.30 (0.14) | 2.07, df=965 | 0.04 |
| Generation in US | |||||||||||||||
| Fourth or More | 1746 | (reference) | 1544 | (reference) | 1738 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| Third | 760 | −0.01 (0.01 | −1.02, df=2504 | 0.31 | 685 | 0.25 (0.68) | 0.37, df=2227 | 0.71 | 757 | 0.40 (0.11) | 3.64, df=2493 | <0.001 | 0.21 (0.10) | 2.04, df=2493 | 0.04 |
| Second | 554 | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.38, df= 2298 | 0.70 | 508 | 0.82 (0.80) | 1.03, df=2050 | 0.31 | 554 | 0.57 (0.13) | 4.41, df=2290 | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.12) | 3.96, df=2290 | <0.00 |
| First | 499 | −0.008 (0.02) | −0.49, df=2243 | 0.62 | 468 | −5.77 (0.82) | −7.03, df=2010 | <0.001 | 497 | 0.04 (0.14) | 0.27, df=2233 | 0.79 | 0.16 (0.12) | 1.28, df=2233 | 10.20 |
| Birth Origin | |||||||||||||||
| US-Born | 3178 | (reference) | 2829 | (reference) | 3167 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| Foreign-Born | 499 | −0.005 (0.02) | −0.30, df=3675 | 0.77 | 468 | −6.078 (0.74) | −8.20, df=3295 | <0.001 | 450 | −0.24 (0.12) | −1.91, df=2615 | 0.06 | −0.04 (0.11) | −0.37, df=2615 | 0.71 |
| Years in US | |||||||||||||||
| US born | 3270 | (reference) | 2913 | (reference) | 3259 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| LT 15 | 34 | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.21, df=3302 | 0.84 | 31 | −3.45 (2.44) | −1.41, df=2942 | 0.16 | 34 | −0.52 (0.40) | −1.30, df=3291 | 0.19 | 0.27 (0.37) | 0.74, df=3291 | 0.47 |
| 15-30 | 119 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.39, df=3387 | 0.69 | 114 | −5.76 (1.35) | −4.25, df=3025 | <0.001 | 119 | 0.10 (0.23) | 0.43, df=3376 | 0.67 | −0.03 (0.21) | −0.16, df=3376 | 0.86 |
| 30+ | 254 | −0.001 (0.02) | −0.06, df=3522 | 0.95 | 239 | −5.37 (0.96) | −5.62, df=3150 | <0.001 | 252 | −0.22 (0.16) | −1.35, df=3509 | 0.17 | −0.03 (0.15) | −0.21, df=3509 | 0.82 |
| ApoE allele | |||||||||||||||
| ApeE 3/3 | 2156 | (reference) | 1934 | (reference) | 2150 | (reference) | (reference) | ||||||||
| ApoE 2/3 | 301 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.90, df=2455 | 0.36 | 273 | −0.74 (0.87) | −0.84, df=2205 | 0.40 | 299 | −0.20 (0.14) | −1.39, df=2447 | 0.16 | −0.15 (0.13) | −1.12, df=2447 | 0.28 |
| Any ApoE 4 allele | 947 | −0.03 0.01) | −2.00, df=3101 | 0.04 | 756 | −1.80 (0.56) | −3.20, df=2688 | 0.001 | 942 | −0.39 (0.09) | −4.25, df=3090 | <0.001 | −0.25 (0.08) | −3.02, df=3090 | 0.002 |
*
These variables are adjusted for the other three in the category (age, gender, race/ethnicity, education).