Acid killing assay. Panel shows survival rates of sessile populations of S. mutans wild-type UA159, PdxR-deficient mutant TW296, and its complement strain, TW296C, after incubation in buffer of pH 2.8 for periods of time indicated. Results showed that PdxR-deficiency significantly reduced the ability of the deficient mutant to survive low pH challenge (**P < 0.001), compared with the parent strain, UA159.