. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 13.

Published in final edited form as: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Jan 27;150(4):638–645. doi: 10.1177/0194599813519747

Table 2.

Previously published average forces of insertion in traditional cochlear implantation.

Lead Author	Average Force (N)	Electrode	Target
Roland¹⁶	0.15 – 0.2 (SIT) < 0.05 (AOS)	Cochlear, NCA (PM)	Temporal bone
Schurzig¹⁷	0.046 ± 0.027	Cochlear, Freedom (PM)	Cochlear model
Majdani¹⁸	0.004 ± 0.001	Cochlear, NCA (PM)	Cochlear model
Miroir¹⁹	<0.20	Advanced Bionics, 1J (LW)	Temporal bone
Pile²⁰	<0.14	Cochlear, NCA (PM)	Temporal bone

SIT: Standard Insertion Technique; AOS: Advance Off Stylet; NCA: Nucleus Contour Advance; PM: Perimodiolar electrode; LW: Lateral Wall electrode