Table 2.
Summary of measured effects
| Outcome category | Study design | Total | Positive effect | Percent | No effect | Percent | Effective interventions | Ineffective interventions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Glycaemic control | RCT | 43 | 29 | 70.2 % | 14 | 29.8 % | • CIDA | • Telephone coaching |
| NRCT | 3 | 1 | 2 | • Distance Learning | • EHR | |||
| OC | 11 | 10 | 1 | • Telemedicine | ||||
| (2) Pharmacological and overall approaches to treatment | RCT | 3 | 3 | 83.3 % | - | 16.7 % | • Telemedicine | - |
| NRCT | 1 | 1 | - | • mHealth | ||||
| OC | 2 | 1 | 1 | • PHR | ||||
| • CDSS | ||||||||
| (3) Diet and healthy eating | RCT | 2 | 1 | 66.7 % | 1 | 33.3 % | • Telephone coaching | • CDSS |
| NRCT | - | - | - | • Telemedicine | ||||
| OC | 1 | 1 | - | |||||
| (4) Diabetes self-management education and support | RCT | 8 | 6 | 80 % | 2 | 20 % | • CDSS | • Telephone coaching |
| NRCT | - | - | - | • EHR | ||||
| OC | 2 | 2 | - | • mHealth | ||||
| • Telemedicine | ||||||||
| (5) Physical activity | RCT | 7 | 5 | 66.7 % | 2 | 33.3 % | • Telephone coaching | |
| NRCT | - | - | - | • Telemedicine | ||||
| OC | 2 | 1 | 1 | • CDSS | ||||
| • mHealth | ||||||||
| (6) Blood pressure control | RCT | 16 | 9 | 58.8 % | 7 | 41.2 % | • Telephone coaching | • EHR |
| NRCT | - | - | - | • CDSS | • mHealth | |||
| OC | 1 | 1 | - | • PHR | ||||
| • Telemedicine | ||||||||
| (7) Lipid management (LDL) | RCT | 17 | 9 | 50 % | 8 | 50 % | • Telephone coaching | • EHR |
| NRCT | - | - | - | • CDSS | • PHR | |||
| OC | 3 | 1 | 2 | • Distance learning | • mHealth | |||
| • Telemedicine | ||||||||
| (8) Foot care | RCT | 2 | 1 | 50 % | 1 | 50 % | • EHR | • CDSS |
| NRCT | - | - | - | • mHealth | ||||
| OC | 2 | 1 | 1 |