Table 3. Respondent demographics across four modes.

Demographic variables		Voice		Text
		Human	Automated	Human	Automated	Chi-square statistics	Degrees of freedom	p
Age a						7.833	12	0.798
	21–34 years	56.30%	62.70%	57.00%	64.70%
	35–44 years	15.00%	13.90%	17.10%	10.30%
	45–54 years	12.50%	12.00%	12.70%	11.50%
	55–64 years	13.10%	10.10%	9.50%	9.60%
	65 years and older	3.10%	1.30%	3.80%	3.90%
Education						7.275	12	0.839
	High school or less	7.50%	5.70%	8.90%	7.60%
	Some college	28.80%	28.30%	24.10%	28.70%
	Associate/Vocational/Technical	11.90%	8.10%	9.50%	13.40%
	Bachelor's degree	28.10%	37.10%	33.50%	29.90%
	Master/Professional/PhD	23.80%	20.10%	24.10%	20.40%
Income						10.861	12	0.541
	$25000 or less	17.50%	18.20%	13.90%	16.60%
	$25000 to $50000	21.90%	25.80%	24.70%	29.90%
	$50000 to $75000	16.30%	17.60%	22.80%	18.50%
	$75000 or more	31.90%	32.10%	30.40%	29.30%
	Decline to answer	12.50%	6.30%	8.20%	5.70%
Gender						2.533	3	0.469
	Female	41.90%	49.70%	49.40%	47.80%
	Male	58.10%	50.30%	50.60%	52.20%
Hispanic origin						3.896	3	0.273
	No	88.10%	93.70%	90.50%	93.00%
	Yes	11.90%	6.30%	9.50%	7.00%
Race						5.367	9	0.801
	White	76.90%	81.80%	76.60%	79.00%
	African American	9.40%	3.80%	7.00%	5.70%
	Asian	5.60%	6.90%	7.00%	5.70%
	Other	8.10%	7.60%	9.50%	9.60%
Carrier						3.731	6	0.713
	AT&T	60.00%	62.30%	64.60%	66.90%
	Sprint	10.00%	7.60%	10.10%	10.20%
	Verizon	30.00%	30.20%	25.30%	22.90%

^a Age values are missing for two respondents (n = 632 instead of 634).