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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anim Behav. 2015 Feb 24;103:259–265. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.01.019

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Aggressive acts (biting and ramming) displayed by a pair of males being watched by different audiences. Note that males were significantly (α = 0.05) more aggressive when being watched by a gravid female, and significantly less aggressive when being watched by a larger male (marked with B and C, respectively). In contrast, differences in aggression when being watched by a group of females, a matched-size male or smaller males did not differ from control conditions (marked by A). (Redrawn from Desjardins et al., 2012.)