Table 1.

Immunization strategies against Nipah virus and Hendra virus trialed in one or more animal models

Immunization strategy	Viral antigen used	Animal challenge model
Active immunization
Recombinant vaccinia virusa	Nipah F and/or G glycoprotein	Golden Hamster
Recombinant canarypox virusb	Nipah F and/or G glycoprotein	Pig
Glycoprotein subunit	Hendra or Nipah soluble G glycoprotein	Catc
	Hendra soluble G glycoprotein	Ferretd African Green Monkeye Horsef
Passive immunization
Polyclonal antibodyg	Nipah F and/or G glycoproteins	Golden Hamster
Monoclonal antibodyh	Nipah F and/or G glycoproteins	Golden Hamster
	Nipah/Hendra G glycoprotein	Ferreti African green monkeyj

^aNipah F and/or G glycoprotein encoding recombinant vaccinia viruses used to immunize hamsters protects against intraperitoneal NiV challenge (Guillaume et al. 2004)

^bNipah F and/or G encoding recombinant canarypox viruses used to immunize pigs protects against intranasal NiV challenge (Weingartl et al. 2006)

^cRecombinant HeV-sG subunit, in CSIRO triple adjuvant (Montanide, Quil A, and DEAE-dextran) used to immunize cats (three doses of 100 μg, at three week intervals) protects against subcutaneous NiV challenge (Mungall et al. 2006); HeV-sG in CpG (ODN 2007) and Allhydrogel^™ used to immunize cats (two doses of 50, 25 μg or 5 μg, day 0 and 21) protects against oronasal NiV challenge (McEachern et al. 2008)

^dRecombinant HeV-sG in CpG (ODN 2007) and Allhydrogel^™ used to immunize ferrets (two doses of 100, 20 μg or 4 μg; day 0 and 20) protects against oronasal HeV challenge (Pallister et al. 2011b); or NiV challenge (Pallister, Middleton and Broder, unpublished)

^eRecombinant HeV-sG in CpG (ODN 2006) and Allhydrogel^™ used to immunize African green monkeys can protect against intratracheal NiV challenge (Hickey et al. 2011); or HeV challenge (Geisbert and Broder, unpublished)

^fRecombinant HeV-sG used to immunize horses (two dose regime) protects against high dose oronasal HeV challenge and prevents virus replication and shedding (Middleton and Broder, unpublished) (Balzer 2011)

^gPolyclonal hamster serum against NiV F or G glycoprotein administered by intraperitoneal injection can protect against intraperitoneal NiV challenge (Guillaume et al. 2004)

^hMouse mAbs against NiV F or G glycoprotein administered by intraperitoneal injection can protect against intraperitoneal NiV challenge (Guillaume et al. 2006), and mouse mAbs to NiV F administered by intraperitoneal injection pre and postexposure can protect against intraperitoneal HeV challenge (Guillaume et al. 2009)

ⁱA cross-reactive neutralizing human mAb against henipavirus G glycoprotein (m102.4) provides postexposure protection in ferrets by intravenous infusion following high dose oronasal NiV challenge (Bossart et al. 2009)

^jAfrican green monkeys are protected against lethal intratracheal HeV challenge by postexposure intravenous infusion of human mAb m102.4 at 10, 24 or 72 h (Bossart et al. 2011); similar results were obtained against NiV challenge (Geisbert and Broder, unpublished)