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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 8.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2014 Dec 3;517(7533):209–213. doi: 10.1038/nature14034

Extended Data Figure 10. Schematic model: recurrent CSC repopulation and its manifestation of chemoresistance.

Extended Data Figure 10

Cytotoxic chemotherapy effectively induces apoptosis but paradoxically elicits a wound response of bladder cancer stem cells to proliferate and repopulate residual tumours. Release of PGE2 from neighbouring apoptotic cancer cells is sufficient to promote this CSC repopulation. In vivo administration of celecoxib effectively abolishes this PGE2/COX2-mediated wound response gene signature, and attenuates progressive manifestation of chemoresistance in preclinical models of human urothelial carcinomas.