Table 1. Bivariate and multivariate GEE analyses of factors associated with sexual minority status among female injection drug users in the STEP study (n=307).
| Characteristic | Heterosexual (n=256) | Lesbian or bisexual (n=51) | Unadjusted Odds Ratios (95% C.I.) | Adjusted Odds Ratiosa (95% C.I.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic and health – n (%) | ||||
| Age – mean (S. D.) | 41.5 (7.4) | 37.5 (7.2) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) ** | 0.92 (0.88, 0.98) ** |
| Currently homeless | 24 (9.4) | 12 (23.5) | 2.86 (1.30, 6.27) ** | 1.74 (0.69, 4.39) |
| Raising children under 18 | 80 (31.3) | 10 (19.6) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.13) | 0.61 (0.29, 1.32) |
| Income $500 or more per month | 102 (40.3) | 27 (52.9) | 1.71 (0.96, 3.06) | 2.19 (1.15, 4.18) * |
| Received food stamps past 30 days | 111 (43.4) | 14 (27.5) | 0.50 (0.26, 0.96) * | 0.54 (0.26, 1.13) |
| Money from selling drugs in past 30 days | 28 (10.9) | 13 (25.5) | 2.88 (1.38, 6.00) ** | 1.71 (0.77, 3.83) |
| Sex for money or drugs in past 90 days | 78 (35.1) | 30 (63.8) | 3.26 (1.75, 6.05) *** | 3.03 (1.52, 6.07) ** |
| Paid money or drugs for sex past 90 days | 16 (7.2) | 11 (23.4) | 3.93 (1.77, 8.76) ** | 2.78 (1.16, 6.71) * |
| Arrested in past year | 102 (39.8) | 30 (58.8) | 2.12 (1.16, 3.88) * | 1.11 (0.54, 2.30) |
| Incarcerated 6 mo. or more in past 10 yrs | 62 (24.2) | 30 (58.8) | 4.38 (2.38, 8.07) *** | 4.07 (2.07, 8.02) *** |
| Daily injection drug use | 143 (55.9) | 35 (68.6) | 1.75 (0.91, 3.35) | 1.00 (0.47, 2.13) |
| Shooting gallery in past 6 months | 68 (26.6) | 23 (45.1) | 2.32 (1.27, 4.26) ** | 1.79 (0.90, 3.55) |
| Overdose ever | 99 (38.8) | 30 (58.8) | 2.22 (1.22, 4.06) ** | 2.31 (1.15, 4.67) * |
| Hospitalized for mental illness among those ever diagnosed (n=174) | 68 (48.2) (n=141) | 28 (84.9) (n=33) | 6.00 (2.19, 16.40) *** | 5.99 (1.95, 18.38) ** |
| Diagnosed with STD in past 3 months | 7 (2.7) | 5 (9.8) | 3.82 (1.17, 12.46) * | 4.00 (1.19, 13.45) * |
| Diagnosed with hepatitis B | 14 (13.1) | 8 (30.6) | 3.26 (1.32, 8.08) * | 2.88 (1.18, 7.01) * |
| Social resources -- Mean (S. D.) | ||||
| Total size kin network | 3.4 (2.6) | 2.7 (2.0) | 0.88 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) |
| Total size emotional support network | 2.11 (1.62) | 1.69 (1.26) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.03) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.04) |
| Total size material support network | 2.2 (1.7) | 1.7 (1.2) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.00) * | 0.71 (0.51, 0.98) * |
| Total size financial support network | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.3 (0.8) | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92) ** | 0.69 (0.52, 0.90) ** |
| Total size socialize with network | 2.4 (2.1) | 1.9 (1.3) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) * | 0.80 (0.65, 0.99) * |
| Total size health advice network | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.79 (0.63, 1.00) | 0.66 (0.46, 0.94) * |
| Total size support network | 4.3 (2.7) | 3.6 (1.8) | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.00) * |
| Mean trust | 7.7 (1.7) | 7.2 (1.7) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.09) |
| Network density | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.26, 3.76) |
a
Each model adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, daily drug injection, steady partner, child raising, and sex exchange
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05