Table 5. Respondents' Ratings of Attributes of Models of Consent1 (Means and SDs).
| Attribute | Traditional Consent | Staged Consent | Mandatory Return | Outsourcing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethically preferable2 (N=176) | 3.96 (1.0) | 3.63 (1.2) | 2.71 (1.3) | 2.49 (1.3) |
| Encourages enrollment in genomic research3 (N=175) | 3.73 (1.1) | 3.64 (1.1) | 2.61 (1.2) | 2.65 (1.2) |
| Balances benefits and risks of receiving secondary findings4 (N=179) | 3.69 (1.1) | 3.58 (1.1) | 2.48 (1.3) | 2.56 (1.3) |
| Ensures well-informed participants5 (N=180) | 3.68 (1.1) | 3.61 (1.2) | 2.97 (1.4) | 2.47 (1.3) |
| Fairly distributes benefits and burdens of consent process6 (N=176) | 3.64 (1.0) | 3.39 (1.2) | 2.77 (1.2) | 2.28 (1.2) |
| Reduces participant anxiety7 (N=177) | 3.46 (1.1) | 3.19 (1.3) | 2.50 (1.3) | 2.57 (1.3) |
| Ameliorates legal ambiguities/anxiety8 (N=177) | 3.44 (1.2) | 3.07 (1.1) | 3.18 (1.4) | 3.32 (1.5) |
| Imposes burdens on researchers9 (N=178) | 2.76 (1.2) | 3.74 (1.0) | 3.61 (1.3) | 2.10 (1.3) |
|
| ||||
| Best reflects how consent should be obtained10 (N=181) | 4.09 (1.2) | 3.28 (1.3) | 2.31 (1.3) | 2.36 (1.4) |
Ratings were made on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating that the model is least effective at fulfilling the attribute and 5 indicating that it is most effective. Best score in each category is highlighted in bold. Number of respondents varies by item. Differences across each attribute were tested for fixed effects. Pairwise comparisons are given after each fixed effects model with “>” indicating a statistically significant difference (p<0.05); results were adjusted for multiple comparisons using Sheffé's method.
F=59.56, df=(3, 520), p<0.0001; traditional and staged > mandatory and outsourced
F=48.06, df=(3, 518), p<0.0001; traditional and staged > mandatory and outsourced
F=52.05, df=(3, 531), p<0.0001; traditional and staged > mandatory and outsourced
F=36.96, df=(3, 537), p<0.0001; traditional and staged > mandatory > outsourced
F=48.66, df=(3, 523), p<0.0001; traditional and staged > mandatory > outsourced
F=24.70, df=(3, 526), p<0.0001; traditional and staged > mandatory and outsourced
F=2.63, df=(3, 522), p=0.049; no significant pairwise comparisons
F=70.13, df=(3, 527), p<0.0001; staged and mandatory > traditional > outsourced
F=80.64, df=(3, 537), p<0.0001; traditional > staged > mandatory and outsourced