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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Reprod Toxicol. 2014 Dec 27;51:72–78. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.12.001

Figure 5. Working hypothesis for the effect of MXC/HPTE on estrogen receptor (ESR) signaling in granulosa cells in vitro.

Figure 5

Multiple ESR-signaling-related processes are affected by MXC or HPTE, which include (1) production of cAMP, (2) expression of steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1 (not depicted in the figure) and CYP19A1, (3) biosynthesis and metabolism of estradiol-17β (E2), (4) ESR expression and (5) actions of ESR. These effects suggest that ESR- and cAMP-signaling pathways are targets of MXC/HPTE (see Discussion for further information).