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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 2.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Feb 2;36(1):85–98. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1398388

Table 2.

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii

Agents Related protein(s) Protein function/description Reference
Cephalosporins ADC Intrinsic AmpC β-lactamase 60,61
CTX-M Acquired extended-spectrum β-lactamase 64–67
PER
GES
VEB
Carbapenems OXA-51-group Intrinsic serine carbapenemase 68,69
OXA-23/40/58/143/235-group Acquired serine carbapenemase 70,71
NDM Acquired metallo-β-lactamase 72,73
KPC Acquired serine carbapenemase 77
Sulbactam TEM Acquired serine β-lactamase 80
PBP2 Penicillin-binding protein (reduced expression) 79
Rifampin RpoB RNA polymerase β-subunit (amino acid changes) 81
Unknown Efflux pump 81
Arr ADP-ribosyltransferase 82
Aminoglycosides AAC Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase 83–85
APH Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase
AAD Aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase
86–88
ArmA 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase
RmtB 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase 161
Fluoroquinolones GyrA DNA gyrase (amino acid changes) 67
ParC DNA topoisomerase IV (amino acid changes)
AdeFGH RND efflux pump 89
Colistin PmrCAB Two-component regulatory system (amino acid changes) 90–92
LpxA/C/D Lipopolysaccharide (complete loss) 93
Tetracyclines Tet(30)/(39)/(A)/(B) MFS efflux pump 162
AdeABC/FGH/IJK RND efflux pump 95