Table 4.

Estimates of the direct effect and effect mediated through age at menarche in the association between early childhood father absence and depressive symptoms adjusted for antenatal socioeconomic and maternal confounders in imputed sample (n = 4534)

	Age at menarche			Bootstrapping
Effect sizea	β	SE	Z	BC 95 % CI	p
	Unadjusted model
Father absence on depressive symptoms, unadjusted for age at menarche	0.173	0.042	4.076	0.091, 0.255	≤0.001
Father absence on age at menarche	−0.285	0.057	−5.034	−0.397, −0.173	≤0.001
Father absence on depressive symptoms, adjusted for age at menarche (direct effect)	0.148	0.042	3.512	0.066, 0.230	≤0.001
Father absence on depressive symptoms, through age at menarche (indirect effect)	0.025	0.007	3.705	0.011, 0.039	≤0.001
	Adjusted modelb
Father absence on depressive symptoms, unadjusted for age at menarche	0.127	0.045	2.832	0.039, 0.215	0.005
Father absence on age at menarche	−0.208	0.060	−3.471	−0.326, −0.090	0.001
Father absence on depressive symptoms, adjusted for age at menarche (direct effect)	0.110	0.044	2.475	0.024, 0.196	0.013
Father absence on depressive symptoms, through age at menarche (indirect effect)	0.017	0.006	2.792	0.005, 0.029	0.005

BC bias corrected (1000 bootstrap samples)

^a Effect Size: Unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficients; β

^b Adjusted model: Adjusted for indices of socioeconomic background (home ownership status, major financial problems, mother’s educational attainment) and maternal characteristics (early parenthood, maternal antenatal depression, mother’s age at menarche)