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Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) serum levels at different time intervals. (a) Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β before, 24 hours and 3 months after carotid artery stenting (CAS). (b) Serum MMP-9 levels before, 24 hours, 3 months, and 6 months after CAS. ∗ P < 0.05 compared with before; # P < 0.05 compared with 24 hours.
