Table 1. Demographics and neuropsychiatric characteristics.
| CN (n = 25) | LLD (n = 23) | aMCI (n = 18) | aMCI-LLD (n = 13) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
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| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Age | 70.96 ± 6.99 | 67.78 ± 5.91 | 76.94 ± 6.84 | 71.62 ± 6.49 | <0.01 bdf |
| Gender (F/M) | 14/11 | 16/4 | 8/10 | 6/7 | 0.098 |
| Education | 15.84 ± 2.51 | 14.96 ± 2.69 | 14.11 ± 2.45 | 14.08 ± 2.93 | 0.114 |
| Neuropsychiatric measurements | |||||
| GDS | 2.00 ± 2.08 | 16.23 ± 3.58 | 3.50 ± 2.50 | 16.00 ± 6.47 | <0.001 acdf |
| MMSE | 28.72 ± 1.40 | 28.26 ± 1.18 | 27.44 ± 1.82 | 26.85 ± 1.86 | 0.002 bce |
| HAM-A | 1.09 ± 1.12 | 9.96 ± 4.86 | 1.80 ± 1.70† | 8.92 ± 4.11 | <0.001 acdf |
| Recall Scores | |||||
| Immediate | 15.16 ± 3.27 | 14.04 ± 3.77 | 8.67 ± 3.76 | 7.08 ± 3.62 | <0.001 bcde |
| Delayed | 13.20 ± 2.99 | 12.39 ± 3.89 | 2.28 ± 3.06 | 3.23 ± 3.00 | <0.001 bcde |
| DRS-2 raw scores | |||||
| Attention | 36.44 ± 0.51 | 36.43 ± 0.59 | 35.67 ± 0.77 | 36.08 ± 1.19 | 0.004 bd |
| Init/Pers | 36.40 ± 1.19 | 36.39 ± 1.88 | 34.50 ± 4.15 | 32.46 ± 5.32 | 0.001 ce |
| Construct | 5.96 ± 0.20 | 5.96 ± 0.21 | 5.94 ± 0.24 | 5.85 ± 0.55 | 0.685 |
| Conceptual | 37.64 ± 1.38 | 36.65 ± 3.45 | 36.39 ± 2.06 | 35.54 ± 3.02 | 0.105 |
| Memory | 23.84 ± 1.11 | 24.00 ± 1.13 | 18.39 ± 2.75 | 19.69 ± 3.52 | <0.001 bcde |
| Total | 140.28 ± 2.46 | 139.91 ± 3.04 | 130.44 ± 5.17 | 130.00 ± 6.53 | <0.001 bcde |
| Current antidepressants (%) | |||||
| No antidepressant | N/A | 2 (8.7) | 17 (94.4) | 2 (15.4) | |
| SSRI monotherapy | N/A | 3 (13.0) | 1 (5.6) | 3 (23.1) | |
| SNRI monotherapy | N/A | 5 (21.7) | N/A | 2 (15.4) | |
| Other | N/A | 3 (13.0) | N/A | 1 (7.7) | |
| Combination treatment | N/A | 10 (43.5) | N/A | 5 (38.5) | |
| Current cognitive enhancers (%) | |||||
| No cognitive enhancer | N/A | N/A | 8 (44.4) | 9 (69.2) | |
| ChEI monotherapy | N/A | N/A | 8 (44.4) | 2 (15.4) | |
| Memantine monotherapy | N/A | N/A | 1 (5.6) | 2 (15.4) | |
| Combination treatment | N/A | N/A | 1 (5.6) | N/A | |
Notes - ANOVA showed significant differences in age, neuropsychiatric measurements in GDS, MMSE, HAM-A, Recall scores (immediate and delayed), and DRS-2 raw scores (except for construct and conceptual). a-f: Post-hoc analyses revealed the source of ANOVA (a: CN vs LLD, b: CN vs aMCI, c: CN vs aMCI-LLD, d: LLD vs aMCI, e: LLD vs aMCI-LLD, f: aMCI vs aMCI-LLD).
Three aMCI subjects did not have HAM-A scores, the Mean and SD are based on the remaining 15 subjects.
Abbreviations: CN, cognitively normal; LLD, late-life depression; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; aMCI-LLD, late-life depression comorbid with amnestic mild cognitive impairment; SD, standard deviation; F/M, female/male; GDS, geriatric depression scale; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; HAM-A, hamilton anxiety; DRS-2, dementia rating scale-2; Init/Pers, Initiation/Perseveration