Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics at ART initiation according to the prevalence of malnutrition (Z-score < -2 SD) for each anthropometric indicator in HIV-infected children. IeDEA West African paediatric cohort (n=2004)
| Variables | Underweight: WAZ< -2 SD* | Stunting: HAZ< -2 SD* | Wasting: WHZ/BAZ< -2 SD* | Total
study population |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Yes (N=1016) | No (N=988) | P- value† |
Yes (N=970) | No (N=1034) | P- value† |
Yes (N=670) | No (N=1334) | P- value† |
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| Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | Median | (IQR) | ||||
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| Age (years) | 3.5 | (1.7-6.5) | 4.5 | (2.6-6.8) | <0.001 | 3.4 | (1.9-5.9) | 4.9 | (2.5-7.2) | <0.001 | 3.1 | (1.6-6.6) | 4.4 | (2.5-6.7) | <0.001 | 4.1 | (2.1-6.7) |
| CD4 % for children under 5 years (n=623) | 14.0 | (8.4-19.1) | 14.2 | (11.0-20.0) | 0.033 | 13.7 | (9.0-18.0) | 15.0 | (10.0-21.0) | 0.011 | 14.0 | (8.0-20.0) | 14.0 | (10.0-19.0) | 0.397 | 14 | (9.2-19.9) |
| CD4 cell count/mL for children upper 5 years (n=721) | 233 | (37-456) | 383 | (203-652) | <0.001 | 255 | (64-466) | 357 | (139-620) | <0.001 | 200 | (26-468) | 335 | (175-595) | <0.001 | 309 | (113-561) |
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
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| Age groups (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| [0-2] | 306 | 30.1 | 158 | 16.0 | 264 | 27.2 | 200 | 19.3 | 241 | 36.0 | 223 | 16.7 | 464 | 23.2 | |||
| [2-3] | 152 | 15.0 | 133 | 13.5 | 175 | 18.0 | 110 | 10.6 | 90 | 13.4 | 195 | 14.6 | 285 | 14.2 | |||
| [3-4] | 89 | 8.8 | 128 | 13.0 | 115 | 11.9 | 102 | 9.9 | 48 | 7.2 | 169 | 12.7 | 217 | 10.8 | |||
| [4-5] | 86 | 8.5 | 126 | 12.8 | 98 | 10.1 | 114 | 11.0 | 48 | 7.2 | 164 | 12.3 | 212 | 10.6 | |||
| [5-10] | 383 | 37.7 | 443 | 44.8 | 318 | 32.8 | 508 | 49.1 | 243 | 36.3 | 583 | 43.7 | 826 | 41.2 | |||
| Gender | 0.049 | 0.001 | 0.115 | ||||||||||||||
| Boy | 570 | 56.1 | 511 | 51.7 | 560 | 57.7 | 521 | 50.4 | 378 | 56.4 | 703 | 52.7 | 1081 | 53.9 | |||
| Girl | 446 | 43.9 | 477 | 48.3 | 410 | 42.3 | 513 | 49.6 | 292 | 43.6 | 631 | 47.3 | 923 | 46.1 | |||
| WHO clinical stage | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| I | 80 | 7.9 | 170 | 17.2 | 75 | 7.7 | 175 | 16.9 | 56 | 8.4 | 194 | 14.5 | 250 | 12.5 | |||
| II | 131 | 12.9 | 230 | 23.3 | 137 | 14.1 | 224 | 21.7 | 88 | 13.1 | 273 | 20.5 | 361 | 18.0 | |||
| III | 318 | 31.3 | 209 | 21.2 | 283 | 29.2 | 244 | 23.6 | 207 | 30.9 | 320 | 24.0 | 527 | 26.3 | |||
| IV | 233 | 22.9 | 54 | 5.5 | 195 | 20.1 | 92 | 8.9 | 173 | 25.8 | 114 | 8.5 | 287 | 14.3 | |||
| Missing | 254 | 25.0 | 325 | 32.9 | 280 | 28.9 | 299 | 28.9 | 146 | 21.8 | 433 | 32.5 | 579 | 28.9 | |||
| Immunodeficiency status ‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.117 | ||||||||||||||
| No immunodeficient | 122 | 12.0 | 185 | 18.7 | 110 | 11.3 | 197 | 19.1 | 87 | 13.0 | 220 | 16.5 | 307 | 15.3 | |||
| Moderate | 131 | 12.9 | 166 | 16.8 | 133 | 13.7 | 164 | 15.9 | 98 | 14.6 | 199 | 14.9 | 297 | 14.8 | |||
| Severe | 414 | 40.7 | 324 | 32.8 | 388 | 40.0 | 350 | 33.8 | 266 | 39.7 | 472 | 35.4 | 738 | 36.8 | |||
| Missing | 349 | 34.4 | 313 | 31.7 | 339 | 34.9 | 323 | 31.2 | 219 | 32.7 | 443 | 33.2 | 662 | 33.0 | |||
| First line regimen§ | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.082 | ||||||||||||||
| 2 NRTIs + 1 NNRTI | 789 | 77.7 | 824 | 83.4 | 745 | 76.8 | 868 | 83.9 | 524 | 78.2 | 1089 | 81.6 | 1613 | 80.5 | |||
| 2 NRTIs + 1 PI | 199 | 19.6 | 151 | 15.3 | 202 | 20.8 | 148 | 14.3 | 127 | 19.0 | 223 | 16.7 | 350 | 17.5 | |||
| 3 NRTIs | 28 | 2.8 | 13 | 1.3 | 23 | 2.4 | 18 | 1.7 | 19 | 2.8 | 22 | 1.6 | 41 | 2.0 | |||
| Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis | <0.001 | 0.033 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 184 | 18.1 | 208 | 21.0 | 179 | 18.5 | 213 | 20.6 | 124 | 18.5 | 268 | 20.1 | 392 | 19.6 | |||
| No | 170 | 16.7 | 217 | 22.0 | 170 | 17.5 | 217 | 21.0 | 100 | 14.9 | 287 | 21.5 | 387 | 19.3 | |||
| Missing | 662 | 65.2 | 563 | 57.0 | 621 | 64.0 | 604 | 58.4 | 446 | 66.6 | 779 | 58.4 | 1225 | 61.1 | |||
| Time period of ART initiation | 0.041 | <0.001 | 0.924 | ||||||||||||||
| 2001-2004 | 114 | 11.2 | 88 | 8.9 | 114 | 11.8 | 88 | 8.5 | 69 | 10.3 | 133 | 10.0 | 202 | 10.0 | |||
| 2005-2008 | 551 | 54.2 | 511 | 51.7 | 538 | 55.5 | 524 | 50.7 | 351 | 52.4 | 711 | 53.3 | 1062 | 53.0 | |||
| 2009-2012 | 351 | 34.5 | 389 | 39.4 | 318 | 32.8 | 422 | 40.8 | 250 | 37.3 | 490 | 36.7 | 740 | 37.0 | |||
| Countries and centres | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Benin | 68 | 6.7 | 32 | 3.2 | 67 | 6.9 | 33 | 3.2 | 30 | 4.5 | 70 | 5.2 | 100 | 5.0 | |||
| Burkina Faso | 70 | 6.9 | 59 | 6.0 | 58 | 6.0 | 71 | 6.9 | 52 | 7.8 | 77 | 5.8 | 129 | 6.4 | |||
| Côte d'Ivoire | 289 | 28.4 | 396 | 40.1 | 316 | 32.6 | 369 | 35.7 | 171 | 25.5 | 514 | 38.5 | 685 | 34.2 | |||
| Site 1 | 125 | 12.3 | 177 | 17.9 | 154 | 15.9 | 148 | 14.3 | 58 | 8.7 | 244 | 18.3 | 302 | 15.1 | |||
| Site 2 | 20 | 2.0 | 39 | 3.9 | 19 | 2.0 | 40 | 3.9 | 17 | 2.5 | 42 | 3.1 | 59 | 2.9 | |||
| Site 3 | 84 | 8.3 | 96 | 9.7 | 92 | 9.5 | 88 | 8.5 | 50 | 7.5 | 130 | 9.7 | 180 | 9.0 | |||
| Site 4 | 38 | 3.7 | 49 | 5.0 | 35 | 3.6 | 52 | 5.0 | 30 | 4.5 | 57 | 4.3 | 87 | 4.3 | |||
| Site 5 | 22 | 2.2 | 35 | 3.5 | 16 | 1.6 | 41 | 4.0 | 16 | 2.4 | 41 | 3.1 | 57 | 2.8 | |||
| Ghana | 140 | 13.8 | 196 | 19.8 | 153 | 15.8 | 183 | 17.7 | 76 | 11.3 | 260 | 19.5 | 336 | 16.8 | |||
| Mali | 369 | 36.3 | 241 | 24.4 | 303 | 31.2 | 307 | 29.7 | 285 | 42.5 | 325 | 24.4 | 610 | 30.4 | |||
| Senegal | 80 | 7.9 | 64 | 6.5 | 73 | 7.5 | 71 | 6.9 | 56 | 8.4 | 88 | 6.6 | 144 | 7.2 | |||
*
WAZ: Weight-for-Age Z-score, HAZ: Height-for-Age Z-score, WHZ/BAZ: Weight-for-Height Z-score or Body Mass Index-for-Age Z-score, SD: Standard Deviations, IQR: InterQuartile Range
†
Khi-square test for qualitative variables, Kruskal-Wallis test for quantitative variables
‡
Defined by age according to WHO 2006 guidelines
§
NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor, NNRTI : Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, PI : Protease Inhibitor