Table 2.

Bivariate and multivariate GEE^a of factors associated with exposure to violence among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada, 2005 – 2012

Characteristic	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	Odds Ratio (95% CIb)	p - value	Odds Ratio (95% CIb)	p - value
Income Generation Activities
Regular employmentc g (yes vs. no)	0.89(0.79–1.00)	0.050	1.06(0.93–1.21)	0.379
Social assistancec (yes vs. no)	0.98(0.82–1.16)	0.804
Street-based income generationc h (yes vs. no)	1.61 (1.44–1.80)	<0.001	1.39(1.23–1.57)	<0.001
Sex workc (yes vs. no)	1.45(1.23–1.72)	<0.001	1.23(1.00–1.50)	0.048
Drug dealingc (yes vs. no)	2.19(1.96–2.45)	<0.001	1.63(1.44–1.84)	<0.001
Theft and other criminal activitiesc i (yes vs. no)	2.45(2.07–2.89)	<0.001	1.51 (1.27–1.80)	<0.001
Socio-demographic variables
Age (per year older)	0.97(0.96–0.98)	<0.001	0.99(0.98–1.00)	0.005
Female gender (yes vs. no)	0.83(0.71–0.96)	0.013	0.74(0.62–0.89)	0.001
Caucasian ethnicity (yes vs. no)	1.30(1.13–1.50)	<0.001	1.27(1.09–1.47)	0.002
Social, structural and health exposures
Homelessnessc (yes vs. no)	1.90(1.70–2.11)	<0.001	1.26(1.12–1.43)	<0.001
DTES residencyc,e (yes vs. no)	1.51 (1.34–1.71)	<0.001	1.22(1.07–1.39)	0.003
Incarcerationc (yes vs. no)	2.22(1.93–2.55)	<0.001	1.53(1.32–1.78)	<0.001
Mental health diagnosisd f (yes vs. no)	1.23(1.07–1.40)	0.003	1.47(1.28–1.69)	<0.001
Drug use variables
Daily heroin injectionc (yes vs. no)	1.48(1.31–1.68)	<0.001	0.89(0.77–1.03)	0.125
Daily cocaine injectionc (yes vs. no)	1.17(0.97–1.41)	0.093	0.86(0.71–1.05)	0.141
Daily crystal methamphetamine injectionc (yes vs. no)	1.58(1.18–2.12)	0.002	1.32(0.97–1.79)	0.074
Daily crack smokingc (yes vs. no)	1.75(1.57–1.96)	<0.001	1.27(1.12–1.43)	<0.001
Heavy alcohol usec (yes vs. no)	1.73(1.37–2.17)	<0.001	1.71 (1.35–2.16)	<0.001
Binge drug usec (yes vs. no)	1.20(1.06–1.34)	0.003
Public injectingc (yes vs. no)	2.18(1.94–2.44)	<0.001	1.44(1.26–1.66)	<0.001

^aGEE: generalized estimating equations;

^bCI: confidence interval;

^cDenotes activities in the previous 6 months;

^dDenotes lifetime history;

^eDTES: Downtown Eastside;