Table 3.
Estimates of bias (BIAS), standard errors (SE), model-based standard errors (MBSE) and coverage probabilities (CP) of estimates in 5, 000 simulations, with study size = 50 for each simulation. The data are generated from models ℳ2 ~ ℳ4, respectively. True values of model parameters are: sensitivity = 70.0, specificity = 80.0, LR+ = 3.50, and LR− = 0.38. All entries for sensitivity and specificity are multiplied by 100.
| SL method† | CL method* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ρ | BIAS | SE | MBSE | CP(%) | BIAS | SE | MBSE | CP(%) | ||
| ℳ2 | 0.0 | Se | −0.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 93.8 | −0.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 94.1 |
| Sp | −0.3 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 94.2 | −0.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 94.8 | ||
| LR+ | 0.02 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 93.6 | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 93.9 | ||
| LR− | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 94.0 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 94.7 | ||
| −0.3 | Se | −0.3 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 93.7 | −0.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 94.0 | |
| Sp | −0.3 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 94.0 | −0.4 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 94.5 | ||
| LR+ | 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 93.5 | −0.01 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 93.1 | ||
| LR− | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 93.9 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 94.5 | ||
| −0.6 | Se | −0.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 94.0 | −0.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 94.0 | |
| Sp | −0.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 94.2 | −0.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 93.9 | ||
| LR+ | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 93.5 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 93.8 | ||
| LR− | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 94.1 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 94.5 | ||
| ℳ3 | 0.0 | Se | −0.9 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 90.9 | −0.7 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 93.3 |
| Sp | −1.2 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 89.0 | −1.1 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 93.9 | ||
| LR+ | 0.02 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 86.5 | 0.06 | 1.14 | 0.78 | 78.7 | ||
| LR− | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 92.5 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 91.5 | ||
| −0.3 | Se | −0.7 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 62.6 | −0.7 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 93.6 | |
| Sp | −1.1 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 61.0 | −1.1 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 93.6 | ||
| LR+ | 0.07 | 1.18 | 0.66 | 55.9 | 0.02 | 1.04 | 0.72 | 81.8 | ||
| LR− | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 63.2 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 91.5 | ||
| −0.6 | Se | −0.8 | 6.5 | 3.6 | 49.4 | −0.7 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 93.5 | |
| Sp | −1.0 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 49.5 | −1.0 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 93.2 | ||
| LR+ | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 45.7 | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.67 | 81.4 | ||
| LR− | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 49.7 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 92.2 | ||
| ℳ4 | (0.0, −0.3) | Se | −0.3 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 81.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 94.1 |
| Sp | −0.2 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 81.7 | −0.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 93.7 | ||
| LR+ | 0.04 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 82.0 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 93.6 | ||
| LR− | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 80.9 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 93.8 | ||
| (0.0, −0.6) | Se | −0.3 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 81.1 | −0.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 94.3 | |
| Sp | −0.2 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 83.4 | −0.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 94.2 | ||
| LR+ | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 83.8 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 94.1 | ||
| LR− | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 81.0 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 94.7 | ||
| (−0.3, −0.6) | Se | −0.3 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 81.1 | −0.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 94.0 | |
| Sp | −0.2 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 81.8 | −0.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 94.0 | ||
| LR+ | 0.04 | 0.57 | 0.39 | 82.1 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 93.6 | ||
| LR− | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 80.7 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 94.0 | ||
SL method†: standard maximum likelihood method based on the BGLMM
CL method*: proposed composite likelihood method