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Schema shows mechanism of pleural effusion development in pneumonia. Initial bacterial infection causes local inflammatory reaction resulting in increased capillary microvascular permeability and a rapid outpouring of fluid containing inflammatory cells into the pleural space. Comorbidities such as heart failure also further contribute to interstitial edema. IL-8, interleukin 8; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
