Fig. 1.

Repeated stress induces hippocampal molecular changes and learning and memory deficits. (A) Effect of RFS treatment on learning and memory abilities in the novel object recognition (n = 10 and 16) and novel location recognition tasks (n = 10 per group; one-tailed t test). (B) Western blot images and quantification of the effect of repeated stress on p25 generation in the hippocampus (n = 5 per group; unpaired t test). (C and D) Representative immunohistochemical images and quantitative analysis of the effect of stress on HDAC2 and Synaptophysin (C) and GR and pGR (D) expression levels in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 subregion (n = 4 per group; unpaired t test) (Synaptophysin and GR in green; HDAC2 and pGR in red; DAPI in blue). Values are mean ± SEM. n.s., nonsignificant; P > 0.05; *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001. (Scale bars: 20 µm.)