Table 3.
Trend analysis of potential risk factors and outcomes of resuscitation-attempted out-of hospital cardiac arrests with cardiac aetiology
| Seoul |
Osaka |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | p for trend | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | p for trend | |
| Total, N | 1054 | 1432 | 1808 | 2107 | 2326 | 2355 | 3559 | 3833 | 4281 | 4367 | 4477 | 4693 | ||
| Gender, male, % | 66.0 | 66.6 | 69.6 | 69.9 | 68.7 | 68.7 | 0.10 | 58.7 | 55.9 | 58.8 | 57.6 | 57.6 | 56.9 | 0.40 |
| Age, years, median | 65 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 68 | 69 | <0.01 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | <0.01 |
| Prehospital initial shockable ECG, % | 0.1 | 2.3 | 5.3 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 11.0 | <0.01 | 12.6 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 9.4 | <0.01 |
| Place of arrest, public, % | 12.5 | 13.6 | 23.9 | 19.6 | 17.5 | 20.1 | <0.01 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 11.3 | 10.5 | <0.01 |
| Witnessed, % | 58.8 | 55.1 | 55.0 | 54.0 | 51.9 | 51.0 | <0.01 | 41.3 | 42.0 | 39.7 | 41.4 | 41.0 | 40.1 | 0.30 |
| Bystander CPR, % | 0.1 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 13.1 | <0.01 | 33.3 | 38.0 | 39.0 | 42.0 | 40.3 | 41.7 | <0.01 |
| Bystander defibrillation, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.20 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.0 | <0.01 |
| Defibrillated by EMS, % | 0.4 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 17.5 | <0.01 | 17.7 | 17.1 | 17.4 | 16.0 | 14.8 | 13.7 | <0.01 |
| Time interval, min, median | ||||||||||||||
| From call to EMS arrival | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 0.03 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | <0.01 |
| From scene to departure | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | <0.01 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | <0.01 |
| From call to hospital arrival | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | <0.01 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | <0.01 |
| From call to first CPR | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | <0.01 | |
| From call to first defibrillation* | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11 | 10 | 9.5 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 0.69 | |
| Survival outcomes | ||||||||||||||
| Survival on hospital arrival, n | 13 | 21 | 31 | 47 | 46 | 70 | <0.01 | 259 | 359 | 367 | 361 | 370 | 442 | 0.06 |
| Survival to discharge, n | 72 | 104 | 121 | 179 | 190 | 243 | <0.01 | 256 | 335 | 342 | 363 | 342 | 366 | 0.90 |
| Good neurological recovery, n | 15 | 35 | 45 | 52 | 52 | 94 | <0.01 | 127 | 204 | 202 | 213 | 196 | 224 | 0.30 |
| Population measurements | ||||||||||||||
| Standardised incidence rate† | 15.4 | 21.0 | 26.6 | 31.3 | 35.8 | 37.0 | 30.6 | 32.7 | 36.5 | 36.8 | 37.4 | 39.1 | ||
| Standardised survivor rate† | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.5 | ||
*Interval from call to first defibrillation was calculated for the prehospital initial shockable rhythm.
†Age-standardised and gender-standardised OHCA and survivor incidence rates per 100 000 person per year were calculated using the sum of two population by age (decade) and gender as a standard population.
CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service; NA, not applicable.