Table 5. In vivo measured bite force (6 species, means ± standard deviations, N = number of specimens) compared with the model bite force and the model safety factors (SF).
| behavior | Measured force at base (N) | Measured force at tip (N) | Model force at base (N) | Model force at tip (N) | Model base biting SF | Model tip biting SF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G. fortis | Base crush | 23 ± 9 (N = 382) | 19 ± 7 (N = 382) | 30 | 22 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
| G. magnirostris (N = 29) | Base crush | 65 ± 17 (N = 29) | 44 ± 10 (N = 29) | 58 | 42 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
| G. fuliginosa (N = 115) | Base crsuh | 5.5 ± 1.9 (N = 115) | 4.6 ± 1.6 (N = 115) | 7.1 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 1.6 |
| G. conirostris (*) | Probe & crush | 15 | 10 | 1.1 | 1.0 | ||
| G. scandens (N = 64) | Probe & crush | 10 ± 3 (N = 64) | 7 ± 3 (N = 64) | 8.9 | 6.1 | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| G. difficilis | Probe & crush | 3.6 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.3 | ||
| C. olivacea (N = 18) | Probe | 2.0 ± 0.5 (N = 18) | 1.2 ± 0.4 (N = 18) | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
| C. parvulus (N = 29) | Tip crush | 5.6 ± 1.3 (N = 29) | 4.2 ± 1.2 (N = 29) | 3.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
(* Juvenile data)