Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted associations (prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)) of International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) characteristics, by domain, with Social Participation Restriction (SPR) among U.S. adults ≥18 years with self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis, National Health Interview Survey, 2009.
| Unadjusted associations with SPR PR (95% CI) |
Multivariate ICF domain- specific models PR (95% CI) |
Meta Multivariate model (includes all ICF domains)* PR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Impairments | |||
| Severe joint pain (≥7/10) (ref = no) | 3.4 (2.9-4.0) | 1.7 (1.4-2.0) | 1.4 (1.2-1.6) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | |||
| Underweight/normal (<25.0) | 1.0 | - | - |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | - | - |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | - | - |
| Number of selected comorbid conditions | |||
| 0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
| 1 to 2 | 2.0 (1.6-2.7) | 1.4 (1.1-1.7) | - |
| ≥3 | 4.2 (3.2-5.6) | 1.5 (1.2-1.9) | - |
| Serious Psychological Distress (ref = no) | 4.5 (3.7-5.4) | 2.5 (2.0-3.2) | - |
| Sleep in 24 hour period (hours) | |||
| 1-5 | 2.3 (1.9-2.9) | 1.3 (1.0-1.6) | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) |
| 6-8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| ≥9 | 2.6 (2.1-3.2) | 1.5 (1.3-1.9) | 1.6 (1.3-2.0) |
| Limitations (defined as “very difficult” or “cannot do”) (ref = not limited) | |||
| Carry or lift something as heavy as 10 pounds | 10.8 (9.2-12.7) | - | - |
| Climb up 10 step without resting | 10.0 (8.5-11.8) | - | - |
| Grasp or handle small objects with your fingers | 5.2 (4.4-6.1) | - | - |
| Push or pull large objects (e.g., living room chair) | 10.2 (8.5-12.2) | - | - |
| Reach up over your head | 5.8 (4.9-6.8) | - | - |
| Sit for about 2 hours | 4.5 (3.9-5.3) | - | - |
| Stand for about 2 hours | 14.0 (11.1-17.7) | - | - |
| Stoop, bend, or kneel | 8.9 (7.3-10.8) | - | - |
| Walk 1/4 mile or 3 city blocks | 13.7 (11.1-17.0) | - | - |
| Summary limitation variables | |||
| ≥1 limitation (ref = no) | 41.9 (25.5-68.8) | - | - |
| ≥3 limitations (ref = no) | 19.3 (15.0-24.9) | - | - |
| Key limitation (walk/stand/carry) (ref = no) | 31.2 (22.3-43.5) | 31.2 (22.3-43.5) | 24.3 (16.8-35.1) |
| Environmental Factors | |||
| Homeownership | |||
| Own/being bought | 1.0 | - | - |
| Rent/other | 1.8 (1.5-2.1) | - | - |
| Household size (# of people in household) | |||
| Single | 1.0 | - | - |
| 2 | 0.7 (0.6-0.8) | - | - |
| ≥ 3 | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | - | - |
| Marital Status | |||
| Married/living with partner | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 2.0 (1.7-2.4) | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) |
| Never married | 1.6 (1.2-2.0) | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) | 1.3 (1.0-1.6) |
| Medical office visits in past year | |||
| 0-1 visits | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
| 2-4 visits | 1.5 (1.1-2.0) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2) | - |
| ≥5 visits | 3.3 (2.4-4.5) | 3.4 (2.5-4.4) | - |
| Health insurance status | |||
| Have health insurance | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | - | - |
| No health insurance | 1.0 | - | - |
| Delayed healthcare due to cost (ref = no) | 1.5 (1.3-1.9) | - | - |
|
Received government assistance last calendar year
(ref = no) |
3.0 (2.5-3.6) | - | - |
| Income-to-poverty ratio (10.6% missing) | |||
| (Below or near poverty) < 2.00 | 2.9 (2.5-3.4) | 2.5 (2.1-3.0) | 1.4 (1.2-1.6) |
| ≥2.00 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Most educated household adult | |||
| Less than high school | 1.7 (1.4-2.1) | - | - |
| GED or high school graduate | 1.0 | - | - |
| Some college, no degree | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | - | - |
| College degree or more | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) | - | - |
| Personal Factors | |||
| Age (years) | |||
| 18-44 | 1.0 | 1.0) | - |
| 45-64 | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | - |
| 65+ | 1.5 (1.2-2.0) | 1.2 (1.0-1.6) | - |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Female | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) | 1.1 (1.0-1.3) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.5 (1.2-1.8) | 1.2 (1.0-1.5) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) |
| Hispanic | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | 1.1 (0.9-1.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.7 (1.2-2.4) | 1.7 (1.2-2.4) | 1.4 (1.0-1.9) |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 2.1 (1.7-2.5) | 1.8 (1.5-2.1) | - |
| GED or high school graduate | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
| Some college, no degree | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 1.0 (0.8-1.3) | - |
| College degree or more | 0.6 (0.5-0.8) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | - |
| Employment status | |||
| Working | 1.0 | - | - |
| Not working | 1.0 (0.9-1.2) | - | - |
| Current smoker (ref = no) | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | 1.3 (1.1-1.6) | 1.2 (1.0-1.4) |
| Physical activity level-aerobic | |||
| Recommended | 1.0 | 1.0 | - |
| Insufficient | 2.3 (1.6-3.3) | 2.0 (1.5-2.9) | - |
| Inactive | 6.1 (4.6-8.1) | 4.8 (3.6-6.4) | - |
| ≥24 hours homeless or in jail (ref = no) | 1.9 (1.5-2.4) | - | - |
|
Retrieve health information from the internet
(ref = no) |
0.4 (0.3-0.5) | - | - |
*
NOTE: The Multivariate ICF domain-specific models column presents associations for each domain examined independently. The Meta Multivariate model column presents associations for all ICF domains examined simultaneously in the same model.