Table 2.
Baseline Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants
| Medication possession ratio | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient baseline characteristics | 0–0.20 (N = 3560) | 0.21–0.40 (N = 4093) | 0.41–0.60 (N = 5973) | 0.61–0.80 (N = 7529) | 0.81–1.00 (N = 11,206) | Total (N = 32,361) |
| Charlson/Deyo Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.3 (2.0) | 2.0 (1.8) | 2.0 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.7) | 2.0 (1.7) |
| Microvascular complications, N (%) | ||||||
| Eye conditions (diabetic retinopathy and macular edema) | 208 (5.8) | 299 (7.3) | 498 (8.3) | 634 (8.4) | 975 (8.7) | 2614 (8.1) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 538 (15.1) | 551 (13.5) | 865 (14.5) | 1131 (15.0) | 1682 (15.0) | 4767 (14.7) |
| Amputation and ulceration | 118 (3.3) | 155 (3.8) | 193 (3.2) | 243 (3.2) | 358 (3.2) | 1067 (3.3) |
| Renal disease | 584 (16.4) | 570 (13.9) | 785 (13.1) | 1000 (13.3) | 1510 (13.5) | 4449 (13.7) |
| Macrovascular complications, N (%) | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction | 115 (3.2) | 113 (2.8) | 120 (2.0) | 152 (2.0) | 233 (2.1) | 733 (2.3) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 766 (21.5) | 780 (19.1) | 1084 (18.1) | 1501 (19.9) | 2298 (20.5) | 6429 (19.9) |
| Congestive heart failure | 309 (8.7) | 346 (8.5) | 435 (7.3) | 582 (7.7) | 809 (7.2) | 2481 (7.7) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 232 (6.5) | 224 (5.5) | 341 (5.7) | 453 (6.0) | 599 (5.3) | 1849 (5.7) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 338 (9.5) | 353 (8.6) | 427 (7.1) | 560 (7.4) | 816 (7.3) | 2494 (7.7) |
| Other comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1700 (47.8) | 1693 (41.4) | 2424 (40.6) | 3030 (40.2) | 4398 (39.2) | 13,245 (40.9) |
| Anxiety | 177 (5.0) | 170 (4.2) | 211 (3.5) | 254 (3.4) | 329 (2.9) | 1141 (3.5) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1110 (31.2) | 1177 (28.8) | 1632 (27.3) | 2036 (27.0) | 3028 (27.0) | 8983 (27.8) |
| Depression | 236 (6.6) | 211 (5.2) | 299 (5.0) | 387 (5.1) | 455 (4.1) | 1588 (4.9) |
| Obesity | 271 (7.6) | 208 (5.1) | 317 (5.3) | 363 (4.8) | 480 (4.3) | 1639 (5.1) |
| Hypoglycemia | 245 (6.9) | 262 (6.4) | 350 (5.9) | 406 (5.4) | 551 (4.9) | 1814 (5.6) |
| Hyperglycemia | 3359 (94.4) | 3719 (90.9) | 5388 (90.2) | 6718 (89.2) | 10,157 (90.6) | 29,341 (90.7) |
| Outpatient medications of interest, N (%) | ||||||
| Biguanides (metformin) | 2036 (57.2) | 2169 (53.0) | 3248 (54.4) | 4045 (53.7) | 6254 (55.8) | 17,752 (54.9) |
| Sulfonylureas | 1709 (48.0) | 1983 (48.4) | 2840 (47.5) | 3635 (48.3) | 5620 (50.2) | 15,787 (48.8) |
| Meglitinides | 158 (4.4) | 224 (5.5) | 315 (5.3) | 428 (5.7) | 625 (5.6) | 1750 (5.4) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1012 (28.4) | 1257 (30.7) | 1878 (31.4) | 2357 (31.3) | 3543 (31.6) | 10,047 (31.0) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 32 (0.9) | 56 (1.4) | 66 (1.1) | 89 (1.2) | 149 (1.3) | 392 (1.2) |
| Fixed-dose therapies | 606 (1.07) | 771 (18.8) | 1052 (17.6) | 1238 (16.4) | 1920 (17.1) | 5587 (17.3) |
| Antihyperlipidemics | 2209 (62.1) | 2584 (63.1) | 3929 (65.8) | 5210 (69.2) | 8300 (74.1) | 22,232 (68.7) |
| Antihypertensives | 2688 (75.5) | 3066 (74.9) | 4583 (76.7) | 5968 (79.3) | 9337 (83.3) | 25,642 (79.2) |
| Antidepressants | 980 (27.5) | 1064 (26.0) | 1559 (26.1) | 2100 (27.9) | 3106 (27.7) | 8809 (27.2) |
| Antiobesity medications | 9 (0.3) | 13 (0.3) | 14 (0.2) | 24 (0.3) | 32 (0.3) | 92 (0.3) |
| Antiemetics/antinausea medications | 345 (9.7) | 297 (7.3) | 398 (6.7) | 484 (6.4) | 705 (6.3) | 2229 (6.9) |
| Exenatide | 452 (12.7) | 549 (13.4) | 878 (14.7) | 1243 (16.5) | 2052 (18.3) | 5174 (16.0) |
| Liraglutide | 21 (0.6) | 23 (0.6) | 42 (0.7) | 58 (0.8) | 88 (0.8) | 232 (0.7) |
SD indicates standard deviation.