Table 3.
Preindex Annual Healthcare Expenditures Per Patient
| Medication possession ratio | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare expenditures | 0.0–0.20 (N = 3560) Mean (SD), $ | 0.21–0.40 (N = 4093) Mean (SD), $ | 0.41–0.60 (N = 5973) Mean (SD), $ | 0.61–0.80 (N = 7529) Mean (SD), $ | 0.81–1.00 (N = 11,206) Mean (SD), $ | Total (N = 32,361) Mean (SD), $ |
| All-cause expenditures | ||||||
| Inpatient admissions | 13,424 (42,333) | 8776 (30,953) | 6742 (25,515) | 6553 (28,717) | 5608 (31,808) | 7298 (31,403) |
| Emergency department visits | 491 (1553) | 391 (1328) | 315 (1131) | 308 (1281) | 269 (1767) | 327 (1480) |
| Outpatient office visits | 975 (954) | 903 (938) | 877 (784) | 890 (843) | 906 (804) | 904 (845) |
| Primary care physician | 477 (508) | 435 (449) | 449 (481) | 442 (460) | 461 (476) | 453 (474) |
| Endocrinologist | 68 (168) | 78 (181) | 75 (169) | 75 (172) | 80 (174) | 76 (173) |
| Nurse practitioner | 6 (48) | 6 (51) | 6 (52) | 7 (51) | 7 (52) | 6 (51) |
| Other physicians | 360 (585) | 316 (661) | 289 (458) | 298 (475) | 298 (477) | 305 (513) |
| Outpatient laboratory and radiology | ||||||
| Laboratory services | 789 (2118) | 654 (1802) | 569 (1542) | 538 (1236) | 520 (1384) | 580 (1539) |
| Radiology services | 1407 (5965) | 809 (2376) | 854 (3325) | 806 (3120) | 727 (2337) | 854 (3296) |
| Other outpatient services | 6769 (17,813) | 5531 (18,502) | 4803 (18,461) | 4375 (11,697) | 4354 (13,340) | 4857 (15,334) |
| Outpatient prescriptions (pharmacy) | 3852 (4859) | 3924 (6259) | 4331 (8013) | 4755 (4560) | 5683 (5062) | 4793 (5798) |
| Total expenditures | 27,707 (53,270) | 20,989 (43,392) | 18,491 (38,161) | 18,225 (36,192) | 18,068 (38,504) | 19,612 (40,571) |
| Diabetes-related expenditures | ||||||
| Inpatient admissions | 672 (7364) | 408 (4605) | 420 (5453) | 265 (2791) | 271 (3907) | 359 (4609) |
| Emergency department visits | 45 (264) | 42 (337) | 26 (192) | 25 (229) | 19 (160) | 27 (224) |
| Outpatient office visits | 282 (264) | 310 (306) | 318 (280) | 325 (296) | 339 (296) | 322 (292) |
| Primary care doctor | 172 (204) | 184 (223) | 193 (227) | 194 (225) | 206 (237) | 194 (227) |
| Endocrinologist | 60 (154) | 73 (171) | 70 (161) | 71 (164) | 76 (168) | 71 (165) |
| Nurse practitioner | 2 (25) | 3 (30) | 3 (33) | 3 (35) | 4 (38) | 3 (34) |
| Other physicians | 31 (111) | 31 (115) | 33 (110) | 34 (120) | 33 (113) | 33 (114) |
| Outpatient laboratory and radiology | ||||||
| Laboratory services | 135 (272) | 140 (282) | 140 (273) | 135 (263) | 139 (261) | 138 (268) |
| Radiology services | 11 (112) | 7 (62) | 7 (73) | 7 (88) | 6 (67) | 7 (79) |
| Other outpatient services | 272 (1446) | 275 (1427) | 256 (1027) | 289 (1574) | 254 (852) | 267 (1229) |
| Outpatient prescriptions | 987 (1179) | 1233 (1329) | 1523 (1521) | 1778 (1669) | 2268 (1946) | 1745 (1721) |
| Total expenditures | 2405 (7632) | 2415 (5113) | 2690 (5907) | 2825 (3778) | 3298 (4595) | 2866 (5187) |
SD indicates standard deviation.