Table 3.
Changes in primary and secondary outcomes
| Variable | Studies (Number) | ES (Number) | Participants (Number) | (95% CI) | Q( P ) | I 2 (%) | 95% PI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | |||||||
| - Depressive symptoms (g) | 29 | 35 | 2449 | −0.42 (−0.58, −0.26)* | 126.9 (<0.001)** | 73.2 | −1.23, 0.38 |
| Secondary | |||||||
| - Body weight (kg) | 3 | 3 | 226 | −0.75 (−3.25, 1.74) | 3.1 (0.21) | 35.2 | -- |
| - BMI (kg.m2) | 5 | 5 | 266 | 0.08 (−0.19, 0.36) | 3.0 (0.55) | 0 | -- |
| - Body fat (%) | 3 | 3 | 121 | −0.05 (−0.72, 0.62) | 0.9 (0.65) | 0 | -- |
| - Physical function (g) | 21 | 26 | 1513 | 0.58 (0.46, 0.70)* | 33.0 (0.13) | 24.3 | 0.26, 0.90* |
| - Pain (g) | 25 | 30 | 1971 | −0.57 (−0.76, −0.38)* | 119.6 (<0.001)** | 75.7 | −1.51, 0.36 |
| - Quality-of-life (g) | 18 | 21 | 1276 | 0.73 (0.53, 0.92)* | 54.0 (<0.001)** | 62.9 | −0.03, 1.48 |
| - Anxiety (g) | 13 | 16 | 976 | −0.63 (−0.86, −0.40)* | 47.8 (<0.001)** | 68.6 | −1.49, 0.23 |
| - VO2max (ml.kg.-1 min−1) | 7 | 10 | 590 | 1.73 (0.87, 2.59)* | 40. 9 (<0.001)** | 78.0 | −1.21, 4.67 |
| - Upper body strength (g) | 6 | 9 | 530 | 0.51 (0.31, 0.71)* | 11.8 (0.16) | 32.3 | 0.04, 0.98* |
| - Lower body strength (g) | 9 | 10 | 584 | 0.83 (0.49, 1.12)* | 32.1 (<0.001)** | 72.0 | −0.28, 1.95 |
| - Balance (g) | 3 | 3 | 147 | 0.49 (−0.21, 1.19) | 8.1 (0.02) | 75.5 | -- |
Boldfaced items indicate statistical significance. *statistically significant, non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals; **statistically significant (P ≤0.10). BMI, body mass index; ES, effect size; g, Hedges standardized mean difference, adjusted for small-sample bias; I 2 (%), I-squared; Q(P), Cochran’s Q statistic and alpha value for Q; VO2max, maximum oxygen consumption; (95% CI), mean and 95% confidence interval; 95% PI, 95% prediction intervals; --, insufficient data to calculate.