Fig. 3. VEGF-A isoform-specific release of intracellular Ca²⁺.

(A,B) Real-time monitoring of cytosolic Ca²⁺ flux with (A) VEGF-A₁₆₅ or (B) VEGF-A₁₂₁ titration; graphs show a representative plot of multiple experiments. Error bars indicate ±SEM (n = 1, N = 4). (C–E) Quantification of (C) peak magnitude, (D) time taken to reach peak magnitude or (E) the total curve area upon stimulation with VEGF-A₁₆₅ and VEGF-A₁₂₁. Error bars indicate ±SEM (n = 3). (F) Schematic depicting VEGF-A-stimulated second messenger targeting of InsP₃ receptors (InsP₃R) and subsequent cytosolic calcium ion rise. PtdIns(4,5)P₂ hydrolysis to generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ins(1,4,5)P₃ is depicted. p<0.05 (*), p<0.01 (**), p<0.0001 (****).