Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review

Study	Design	Setting	Participants	N	Interventions	Evaluations	Comparator group
Kluger et al.8	Prospective cohort	Military	Students of CTLS course Military physicians, dissimilar experience, different training levels	77	1 – Videos, wound moulage 2 – LTT (details not reported)	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Jacobs et al.9	Prospective cohort	Civilian	Students of DSTC course PGY-4, PGY-5, fellows and junior attendings	15	1 – Interactive CD-ROM 2 – Anesthetized swine	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Jacobs et al.10	Prospective cohort	Civilian	Students of ATOM course Traumatologists, general surgeons, trauma fellows, PGY-4 and 5 general surgery residents	50	1 – Anesthetized swine	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Gaarder et al.11	Prospective cohort	Military	67% (n = 95) general surgeons > 4y of experience 33% (n = 49) < 4y of experience	144	1 – Anesthetized swine inflicted by a GSW to the abdomen and to the thigh	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Bowyer et al.12	Randomized controlled trial	Civilian	Third-year medical students No expertise in DPL	40	1 – Graphical user interface simulator 2 – Anesthetized swine 3 – HPS	Pre- and posttraining	Computer simulator
King et al.13	Prospective cohort	Military	General and orthopedic surgeons, nurses, OR technicians, ED technicians	304	1 – Anesthetized swine	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Tugnoli et al.14	Prospective cohort	Civilian	Residents and general surgeons Level of training not reported	126	1 – Anesthetized swine	Posttraining	No control
Sohn et al.15	Prospective cohort	Military	Soldiers deploying to combat operations Level of training not reported	1317	1 – HPS 2 – Anesthetized goats	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Sohn et al.16	Prospective cohort	Military	Non-surgical graduating residents (internists, gynecologists and obstetricians)	60	1 – HPS 2 – Anesthetized swine	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Rubiano et al.17	Prospective cohort	Military	Combat nurses, MEDTAC course in Colombia Level of training not reported	374	1 – HPS 2 – LTT (both not described in details)	Pre- and posttraining	No control
Hall18	Randomized controlled trial	Military	Air force volunteers with no prior medical training	24	1 – HPS 2 – Anesthetized swine	Posttraining	HPS
McLaughlin et al.19	Prospective cohort	Military	Physicians (general practitioners and surgeons), nurses, physicians assistants and medical technicians Level of training not reported	124	1 – HPS 2 – LTT (no details reported) 3 – Cadaveric models	Posttraining	No control

ATOM = Acute Trauma Operative Management; CTLS = Combat Trauma Life Support; DPL = diagnostic peritoneal lavage; DSTC = Definitive Surgical Trauma Care; ED = emergency department; GSW = gunshot wound; HPS = human patient simulation; LTT = live tissue training; MEDTAC = combat tactical medicine course; OR = operating room; PGY = postgraduate year.