Table S1.
Variables put into random forest model
| Demographic variables |
| Age |
| Sex |
| Race |
| Clinical variables |
| Charlson comorbidity: myocardial infarction |
| Charlson comorbidity: congestive heart failure |
| Charlson comorbidity: peripheral vascular disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: cerebrovascular disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: dementia |
| Charlson comorbidity: chronic pulmonary disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: rheumatologic disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: peptic ulcer disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: mild liver disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: diabetes |
| Charlson comorbidity: diabetes with chronic complications |
| Charlson comorbidity: hemiplegia or paraplegia |
| Charlson comorbidity: renal disease |
| Charlson comorbidity: moderate or severe liver disease |
| Atypical facial pain |
| Autonomic neuropathies |
| Anxiety/generalized anxiety disorder |
| Back and neck pain (other than lower back pain) |
| Back and neck pain with neuropathic involvement (excluding low back) |
| Bipolar disorder |
| Causalgias |
| Chest pain |
| Arthritis and other arthropathies |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Myocardial infarction/congestive heart failure/peripheral vascular disease/cerebrovascular disease/coronary heart disease/hypertension/hyperlipidemia |
| Interstitial cystitis |
| Diffuse diseases of connective tissue |
| Depression |
| Dyspareunia |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease/gastritis/duodenitis/other gastrointestinal disease |
| Headache/migraine |
| Irritable bowel syndrome |
| Insomnia/sleep disorders/sleep apnea |
| Low back pain |
| Restless leg syndrome |
| Lupus |
| Memory loss |
| Mononeuritis of lower limb |
| Neuritis radiculitis |
| Osteoarthritis |
| Other musculoskeletal pain conditions |
| Other polyneuropathies |
| Panic disorder |
| Phantom limb pain |
| Postherpetic neuralgia |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Rheumatism (excluding the back) |
| Tinnitus |
| Temporomandibular joint disorder |
| Trigeminal neuralgia |
| Number of musculoskeletal pain conditions |
| Number of neuropathic pain conditions |
| Diagnosis of obesity |
| Health care resource utilization variables |
| Acupuncture |
| Chiropractic visit |
| Counseling (exercise counseling, nutrition counseling) |
| Number of emergency department visits |
| Number of visits where imaging was ordered |
| Number of hospitalizations |
| Number of visits where diagnostic/laboratoy tests were ordered |
| Number of office visits |
| Number of other outpatient visits |
| Physical therapy |
| Number of total prescriptions administered (ordered) |
| Number of total prescriptions written |
| Number of opioid prescriptions |
| Number of total pain medication prescriptions (excluding opioids) |