Table 3.

The daily rhythm characteristics of PER1, VEGF, KI67, C-MYC, and P53 mRNA in normal buccal mucosa, precancerous lesion, and cancer

Gene	Cosinor parameters	Tissue			P-value
		N	P	C
PER1	Mesor	1.60±0.11	1.20±0.06	0.88±0.04	0.000a (F=48.137)
	Amplitude	0.81±0.01	0.71±0.01	0.54±0.04	0.000a (F=92.659)
	Acrophase (HALO)	16.93±0.04	7.27±0.06	16.73±0.18	0.000c (F=7,294.436)
VEGF	Mesor	2.26±0.21	3.51±0.33	6.86±0.59	0.000a (F=71.351)
	Amplitude	0.82±0.01	2.06±0.23	1.91±0.06	0.000b (F=71.938)
	Acrophase (HALO)	9.93±0.91	6.21±0.24	1.04±0.95	0.000a (F=100.324)
KI67	Mesor	0.85±0.42	1.34±0.76	–	0.000a (F=12.387)
	Amplitude	0.39±0.07	0.66±0.03	–	0.013a (F=17.970)
	Acrophase (HALO)	1.65±0.71	19.93±0.74	–	0.003a (F=42.501)
C-MYC	Mesor	1.71±0.10	3.39±0.03	4.22±0.11	0.000a (F=543.026)
	Amplitude	0.83±0.06	1.74±0.01	1.87±0.04	0.000b (F=574.424)
	Acrophase (HALO)	7.78±0.57	3.92±0.55	23.93±0.06	0.000a (F=1,607.264)
P53	Mesor	3.34±0.19	2.33±0.26	1.27±0.21	0.000a (F=82.040)
	Amplitude	1.92±0.13	0.86±0.08	0.45±0.07	0.000a (F=109.770)
	Acrophase (HALO)	20.47±0.81	23.87±0.89	21.06±0.73	0.005c (F=14.995)

Notes: The daily rhythm is described as mesor, amplitude, and acrophase. P<0.05 represents that there is a significant difference. P-value represents the results of differences in each cosinor parameter of each gene in three groups analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Superscripts “a”, “b”, and “c” represent the results of the intergroup differences analyzed by Student–Newman–Keuls test after the one-way ANOVA, as follows:

^aThere are mutual significant differences in three groups.

^bThere are significant differences between P or C group and N group, but there is no significant difference between P and C groups.

^cThere are significant differences between P group and C or N group, but there is no significant difference between C and N groups.

Abbreviations: N, normal buccal mucosa; P, precancerous lesion; C, cancer; HALO, hours after light onset; ANOVA, analysis of variance.