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. 2015 Jun 15;10(6):e0129262. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129262

Table 3. Logistic-regression modeling to identify factors associated with chronic pain.

Chronic pain (vs. without chronic pain) Severe chronic pain (vs. without chronic pain)
OR 95%CI P-value OR 95%CI P-value
Female (vs, male)* 1.304 1.108–1.534 0.001 1.621 1.299–2.023 <0.001
Age (per 1 year old) 1.019 1.014–1.024 <0.001 1.022 1.015–1.029 <0.001
Age-group (years)♯
20–30 (n) 1.000 ref 1.000 ref
31–40 (n) 1.471 0.974–2.221 0.067 1.482 0.819–2.684 0.194
41–50 (n) 1.939 1.285–2.927 0.002 2.125 1.183–3.817 0.012
51–60 (n) 2.921 1.950–4.374 <0.001 3.368 1.907–5.950 <0.001
61–70 (n) 2.349 1.605–3.438 <0.001 2.478 1.434–4.283 0.001
71–80 (n) 3.180 2.153–4.695 <0.001 3.795 2.185–6.591 <0.001
81–90 (n) 3.833 2.401–6.120 <0.001 4.183 2.185–8.007 <0.001
91–100 (n) 4.094 1.556–10.772 0.002 6.343 1.994–20.174 0.002
Occupation†
Full-time 1.000 ref 1.000 ref
Part-time 0.933 0.714–1.219 0.61 0.808 0.557–1.172 0.261
Student 0.490 0.185–1.297 0.151 0.464 0.107–2.009 0.305
Unemployed 1.014 0.807–1.274 0.904 1.044 0.769–1.418 0.782
Family composition†
Living with ≥3 persons 1.000 ref 1.000 ref
Living in a couple 1.080 0.902–1.294 0.401 1.086 0.855–1.381 0.499
Living alone 1.442 1.067–1.947 0.017 1.763 1.221–2.547 0.003
Daily exercise†
Daily 1.000 ref 1.000 ref
1–3 days/week 1.237 1.004–1.525 0.046 1.384 1.034–1.853 0.029
None 1.179 0.949–1.465 0.137 1.701 1.267–2.282 <0.001
EQ-5D†
Value (per 0.1) 0.464 0.435–0.496 <0.001 0.403 0.368–0.440 <0.001
K6†
K6 point (per 1) 1.113 1.087–1.139 <0.001 1.158 1.126–1.191 <0.001

Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; ref, reference category.

Odds ratios were adjusted for age*, sex♯ or both†.