Table 1.
Baseline clinical, demographic, and biochemical characteristics, stratified by above- and below-median visceral fat area.
| Variable (at Exam 1, unless otherwise noted) | Low Visceral Fat (N= 575) |
High Visceral Fat (N=576) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59 (52–68) | 62 (54–69) | 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Male Gender | 210 (37%) | 364 (63%) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Race | <0.0001 | ||
| Caucasian | 209 (36%) | 231 (40%) | |
| Chinese American | 122 (21%) | 75 (13%) | |
| African American | 150 (26%) | 77 (13%) | |
| Hispanic | 94 (16%) | 193 (34%) | |
|
| |||
| Smoking Status | 0.12 | ||
| Never Smoker | 331 (58%) | 300 (52%) | |
| Former Smoker | 174 (30%) | 206 (36%) | |
| Current Smoker | 69 (12%) | 70 (12%) | |
|
| |||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 81 (14%) | 250 (44%) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Glycemic Control | <0.0001 | ||
| Normal Fasting Glucose | 499 (87%) | 394 (69%) | |
| Impaired Fasting Glucose | 49 (9%) | 98 (17%) | |
| Untreated diabetes | 6 (1%) | 25 (4%) | |
| Treated diabetes | 20 (3%) | 57 (10%) | |
|
| |||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 192 (173–217) | 193 (172–215) | 0.49 |
|
| |||
| High Density Lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 54 (45–66) | 44 (39–52) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 93 (66–129) | 137 (94–187) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Low Density Lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 115 (96–137) | 117 (101–135) | 0.19 |
|
| |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.6–26.8) | 28.4 (26.2–31.0) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118 (108–136) | 127 (113–143) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71 (64–77) | 75 (68–81) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 87.7 (81.0–94.5) | 100 (94–107) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Weight (pounds) | 148.3 (130.8–166.5) | 178 (158–197) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Fasting glucose, Exam 1 (mg/dl) | 86 (81–93) | 92 (86–101) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio | 4.7 (3.1–8.1) | 6.0 (3.6–11.2) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Coronary Artery Calcium Score | 0 (0–22.4) | 6.8 (0–91) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Height-indexed visceral fat area (cm2/m) | 329.7 [242.6–412.6] | 707.2 [579.0–859.5] | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Height-indexed subcutaneous fat area (cm2/m) | 561.2 [394.4–791.0] | 695.1 [507.8–920.8] | <0.0001 |
|
| |||
| Serum biomarkers (at Exam 3) | |||
| Adiponectin (ng/ml)* | 21479.5 [14274.3–31646.9] | 15182.9 [10569.2–20815.6] | <0.0001 |
| Aldosterone (pg/ml)* | 127.2 [88.7–181.0] | 139.0 [100.2–188.0] | 0.003 |
| Plasma renin (ng/ml)* | 0.47 [0.24–0.91] | 0.65 [0.33–1.38] | <0.0001 |
| High-sensitivity CRP (mg/l)* | 1.1 [0.6–2.3] | 1.6 [0.8–3.5] | <0.0001 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)* | 1.4 [1.0–2.1] | 2.0 [1.4–3.0] | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (pg/ml)* | 168.0 [122.7–230.3] | 259.4 [193.5–382.0] | <0.0001 |
| Leptin (pg/ml)* | 8887.2 [3362.3–21432.2] | 13192.6 [6443.9–28681.1] | <0.0001 |
| Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/ml)* | 4.2 [3.2–5.7] | 4.8 [3.7–6.4] | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; CRP = C-reactive protein. Values represent median (interquartile range) or number (percentage).
*
Missing observations for adiponectin (2/0), aldosterone (23/17), plasma renin (54/32), CRP (22/5), insulin (3/0), leptin (8/0), TNF-α (5/2) for (low/high) visceral fat subgroups.