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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2015 May 21;80:70–79. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.016

Figure 5. ECG treatment decreases the number of GFAP positive cells in neocortex and hippocampus of Tsc1GFAPCKO mice.

Figure 5

The effect of ECG on the number of GFAP positive cells was assessed in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice by immunohistochemistry. (A) Vehicle-treated Tsc1GFAPCKO mice (KO + Veh) displayed a diffuse increase in GFAP-positive cells (red) in neocortex (upper middle panel) and hippocampus (lower middle panel) compared with the vehicle-treated control mice (Cont + Veh). ECG treatment partially prevented this increase in GFAP-positive cells in Tsc1GFAPCKO mice (KO + ECG). TO-PRO-3 Iodide (blue) was used as an optimal fluorescence dye for nuclear counterstaining. (B, C) Quantitative analysis confirmed an increase in GFAP-positive cells in vehicle-treated Tsc1GFAPCKO group (KO + Veh) compared with vehicle-treated control group (Cont + Veh) in neocortex, dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 of hippocampus. ECG treatment (12.5 mg/kg/d i.p. for four weeks) decreased GFAP-positive cells in neocortex and DG, but not in CA1 (KO + ECG; n=8 mice/group). *p<0.05, *** p<0.001 versus vehicle-treated control mice by two-way ANOVA; #p<0.05, ## p<0.01 versus vehicle-treated Tsc1GFAPCKO mice by two-way ANOVA. Scale bar = 200 μm. Cont = control mice, KO = Tsc1GFAPCKO mice, Veh = vehicle, ECG = Epicatechin-3-gallate, DG = dentate gyrus, CA1 = CA1 pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus.