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. 2015 May 2;2(5):517–532. doi: 10.18632/oncoscience.160

Figure 3. ART induces PDAC cell death in a non-apoptotic manner, independent of mitochondria- and caspase- mediated death signaling.

Figure 3

A.-D. Panc-1 cells were treated without and with ART for 24 hours. A. Cells were stained with TMRM following treatments and inspected by fluorescence microscopy. B. Representative images of cells that had been transfected with GFP-Bax prior to treatments. C. Cells were fixed and immunostained for cytochrome c. D. Cells were fixed and immunostained for Smac. Scale bars, 10 μm. E. Panc-1 cells stably expressing the fluorescent caspase-3 sensor, GC3AI, were treated without and with ART alone, ART and HTF, TNF (43 ng/ml), or TNF and ActD (1 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Following, GFP-positive, caspase-3 active cells were detected using imaging-coupled flow cytometry. The percentages of GFP-positive, caspase-3 active cells (left) and representative images of cells (right) are presented. Statistical significance was tested vs. control (n = 3; *, p ≤ 0.05).