FIG 1.

Dynasore inhibits HSV infection. (A) SK-N-SH (human neuroblastoma) cells were first incubated with dynasore (80 μM), heparin (100 μg/ml), or a control DMSO buffer and then infected with HSV-2(G) for 1 h. The cells were washed and were overlaid with fresh medium, and plaques were counted at 48 h. (B) Primary human astrocytes were infected with HSV-1(KOS) or HSV-2(G) (MOI, 5 PFU/cell) in the presence of dynasore, heparin, or a control DMSO buffer, and infectious progeny were quantified by plating serial dilutions of the supernatants on Vero cells. (C) Cells were treated with 80 μM dynasore, 0.01% nonoxynol-9 (N-9) as a positive control, or 0.25% DMSO as a negative control for 48 h, and toxicity was assessed by an MTS assay. Results are presented as means + standard errors of the means from three independent experiments, each conducted in duplicate; the asterisks indicate differences from the control as determined by an unpaired t test or analysis of variance (**, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). (D) SK-N-SH cells were first treated with 10 or 100 μM ML141 or with a 0.25% DMSO control buffer and then infected with HSV-2(G), and plaques were counted after 48 h of incubation. Alternatively, the cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing the dominant negative form of Rac 1 (DN-RacT17N) or a control GFP-expressing plasmid (pmaxGFP) and were infected with HSV-2(G) 24 h later, and plaques were quantified 48 h p.i. Results are presented as means + standard errors of the means from two experiments conducted in duplicate.