TABLE 3.
GPCR expression in cells
| Cell | Species | Methods and Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow stromal cell lines | Human | GPCR RT-PCR array; showed relationship between number of GPCRs detected versus amount of total RNA in samples; detected mRNA for 199 GPCRs; highly expressed GPCRs detected with ∼1 ng total RNA. | (Hansen et al., 2007) |
| Macrophages (bone marrow and peritoneal) | Mouse | DNA microarray data from NCBI (accession number GSE10246); assessed expression in bone marrow- and peritoneal-derived macrophages, microglia, and macrophage-like cells, RAW264; 67 GPCRs expressed constitutively or induced by lipopolysaccharide | (Lattin et al., 2008) |
| Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) | Mouse | GPCR RT-PCR arrays; examined ESCs cultured 4 or 20 days; ∼200 GPCRs had low, high, or moderate expression | (Layden et al., 2010) |
| BV2 | Rat | DNA high-density arrays and GPCR-specific qPCR; assessed 20,000 genes of HEK293, AtT20 (pituitary), BV2 (microglial), and N18 (neuroblastoma) cells; found 73, 79, 108, and 105 nonchemosensory GPCRs, respectively, in those cells and related signaling proteins | (Atwood et al., 2011) |
| N18 | Mouse | ||
| HEK293, AtT20 | Human | ||
| Cerebral neurons | Mouse | Customized quantitative real-time RT-PCR; studied cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs); identified 38 highly and 46 intermediately expressed GPCRs; expression of some GPCRs changed during CGN development | (Maurel et al., 2011) |
| Cardiac fibroblasts | Rat | GPCR RT-PCR arrays; assessed cardiac fibroblasts; identified 190 GPCRs; highest expressed, protease-activated receptor 1, was shown to be profibrotic | (Snead and Insel, 2012) |
| Monocytes, macrophages | Human | GPCR arrays; assessed alveolar macrophages (AMs); phorbol ester–treated THP-1, HL60, and U937 cells; peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages; 164 GPCRs identified; highest expressed in AM was complement 5a receptor (C5R1) | (Groot-Kormelink et al., 2012) |
| Lung fibroblasts | Human | GPCR RT-PCR array; defined GPCR expression differences in normal lung fibroblasts and a gefitinib-resistant non–small-cell lung cancer cell line, H1975 | (Kuzumaki et al., 2012) |
| Monocytes, macrophages | Human | GPCR RT-PCR arrays; evaluated GPCR expression changes during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages and by TLR4 activation, which altered expression of 101 GPCRs | (Hohenhaus et al., 2013) |
| Ghrelin cells | Mouse | GPCR arrays; found 90 GPCRs in gastric ghrelin cells; validated functional activity of several GPCRs | (Engelstoft et al., 2013) |
| Glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells, U-87 MG cells, astrocytes, fetal neural stem cells | Human | GPCR RT-PCR array; assessed glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells, glial tumor cells, a glioblastoma cell line (U-87 MG cells), astrocytes, and fetal neural stem cells; eight GPCRs were specific to glioblastoma cells; 17 GPCRs specific to cells with stem properties | (Feve et al., 2014) |
HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information; qPCR, quantitative PCR; RT-PCR, reverse-transcription PCR.