Table 4.

All fractures: β-coefficients for QALY loss at 12 months adjusted for fracture site, age, baseline quality of life, gender, education, fracture in last 5 years, hospitalisation and employment (full model with individual fracture sites)

	All fractures	Hip	Wrist	Vertebral	Humerus	Ankle	‘Other Fractures’	Non-hip, non-wrist and non-vertebral	Non-hip non-vertebral
1-year QALY loss	N = 643, R 2 = 0.306	N = 132, R 2 = 0.342	N = 247, R 2 = 0.249	N = 59, R 2 = 0.403	N = 48, R 2 = 0.564	N = 64, R 2 = 0.556	N = 93, R 2 = 0.166	N = 204, R 2 = 0.269	N = 451, R 2 = 0.209
Baseline HRQOL utility index	0.478 [0.410; 0.546]	0.532 [0.371; 0.693]	0.410 [0.314; 0.508]	0.525 [0.265; 0.785]	0.785 [0.496; 1.074]	0.716 [0.478; 0.954]	0.316 [0.111; 0.520]	0.525 [0.392; 0.658]	0.424 [0.342; 0.506]
Male	−0.015 [−0.044; 0.012]	0.024 [−0.045; 0.094]	−0.028 [−0.074; 0.018]	−0.065 [−0.167; 0.036]	−0.059 [−0.155; 0.038]	−0.031 [−0.102; 0.041]	0.045 [−0.030; 0.120]	−0.017 [−0.063; 0.030]	0.001 [−0.032; 0.034]
Age (years)	−0.0002 [−0.002; 0.001]	0.0001 [−0.003; 0.004]	−0.0005 [−0.003; 0.002]	0.002 [−0.004; 0.007]	−0.002 [−0.007; 0.003]	−0.005 [−0.010; 0.0003]	0.003 [−0.001; 0.007]	<0.001 [−0.003; 0.003]	−0.0004 [−0.002; 0.001]
Fracture in last 5 years	−0.005 [−0.037; 0.026]	0.007 [−0.071; 0.086]	0.002 [−0.046; 0.050]	−0.014 [−0.139; 0.110]	−0.068 [−0.184; 0.049]	−0.074 [−0.152; 0.005]	0.023 [−0.057; 0.103]	−0.019 [−0.071; 0.033]	−0.003 [−0.033; 0.039]
Hospitalised	0.030 [0.004; 0.055]	0.0223 [−0.037; 0.084]	0.018 [−0.018; 0.055]	0.081 [−0.026; 0.189]	0.050 [−0.067; 0.166]	0.028 [−0.034; 0.090]	0.038 [−0.037; 0.113]	0.034 [−0.012; 0.079]	0.032 [0.002; 0.061]
Job pre-fracture	0.010 [−0.024; 0.044]	0.130 [0.014; 0.245]	0.002 [-0.043; 0.048]	-0.029 [-0.167; 0.108]	0.029 [-0.119; 0.177]	0.015 [-0.069; 0.100]	-0.016 [-0.107; 0.062]	0.002 [-0.056; 0.059]	0.011 [-0.026; 0.048]
Mid-high incomea	−0.017 [−0.044; 0.010]	−0.018 [−0.081; 0.045]	−0.009 [−0.049; 0.030]	0.130 [0.011; 0.248]	−0.126 [−0.239; − 0.014]	−0.091 [−0.170; −0.012]	−0.030 [−0.108; −0.048]	−0.052 [−0.101; −0.003]	−0.032 [−0.064; 0.001]
Education primaryb	0.030 [−017; 0.077]	0.071 [0.020; 0.161]	−0.016 [−0.098; 0.066]	0.033 [−0.125; 0.192]	0.058 [−0.166; 0.282]	0.088 [−0.223; 0.398]	−0.054 [−0.174; 0.067]	−0.018 [−0.110; 0.075]	−0.006 [−0.070; 0.058]
Post-secondary university	−0.030 [−0.057; −0.004]	−0.112 [−0.185; −0.039]	−0.005 [−0.040; 0.031]	−0.143 [−0.267; 0.019]	−0.002 [−0.096; 0.092]	−0.024 [−0.087; 0.040]	−0.018 [−0.101; 0.065]	0.011 [−0.057; 0.035]	−0.010 [−0.040; −0.019]
Hip (base wrist)	0.128 [0.094; 0.164]
Humerus	0.072 [0.025; 0.120]
Vertebral	0.105 [0.061; 0.149]
Ankle	0.107 [0.064; 0.149]
Other	0.095 [0.058; 0.132]
Constant	−0.306 [−0.426; −0.185]	−0.256 [−0.551; 0.038]	−0.234 [−0.410; −0.058]	−0.388 [−0.846; 0.071]	−0.319 [−0.810; −0.172]	−0.065 [−0.442; −0.311]	−0.296 [−0.620; −0.027]	−0.243 [−0.460; −0.026]	−0.210 [−0.353; −0.067]

95 % confidence interval for the beta co-efficient is enclosed in brackets; bold indicates significance at 95 %. Both collinearity between education and income and multi-collinearity between model regressors were low (coefficient of correlation range = 0.04–0.27; VIF range = 1.21–1.65)

QALY quality-adjusted life years assessed using EQ-5D, N the number of participants, R ² adjusted R ² of the regression equation

^a,bControl groups are low income and secondary education respectively. ‘Other Fractures’ excludes hip, vertebral, wrist, ankle and humerus; Non-hip, non-wrist and non-vertebral excludes hip, vertebral and wrist fractures; Non-hip, non-vertebral refers to all fractures except hip and vertebral