Figure 2.

Schematic diagrams illustrating the mechanisms underlying selection of disadvantageous genotypes over advantageous ones under specific conditions. (A) The mechanism that involves functional alterations of a genotype through epigenetic modulation of gene expression by interacting with a perinatal environment. (B) The mechanism that a postnatal environment affects reproductive success of a subject in which a disadvantageous behavioral phenotype in a normal environment may work advantageously in an unusual, adverse environment.