Figure 1.

Algorithm of management of stable COPD in Japan.

Notes: The treatment strategy should be selected on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of severity, taking into account the degree of manifestations in addition to the degree of airflow obstruction. In cases of repeated exacerbations, introduction of ICSs in addition to long-acting bronchodilators should be considered. Translated and modified from The Japanese Respiratory Society by Hizawa N. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD. 4th ed. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Respiratory Society; 2013.²⁷

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICSs, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting β₂-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA, Short-acting β₂-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist.