Table 2.
Associations between maternal binge drinking in pregnancy and offspring mean BRIEF index scores*
| Crude | Adjusted for core confounding factors** |
Adjusted for potential confounding factors*** |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score |
Mean difference |
95% CI | Mean difference |
95% CI | Mean difference |
95% CI | |
| Number of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** Parent rated BRIEF BRI | |||||||
| 0 | 49.32 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1 | 50.20 | 0.88 | (−0.42; 2.17) | 1.06 | (−0.23; 2.36) | 0.92 | (−0.36; 2.31) |
| 2 | 50.07 | 0.75 | (−0.98; 2.48) | 1.12 | (−0.63; 2.87) | 1.20 | (−0.54; 2.95) |
| ≥3***** | 49.90 | 0.53 | (−1.68; 2.73) | 0.86 | (−1.38; 3.10) | 0.62 | (−1.58; 2.83) |
| P****** | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.45 | ||||
| Number of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** Parent rated BRIEF MI | |||||||
| 0 | 49.41 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1 | 49.98 | 0.57 | (−0.74; 1.88) | 0.70 | (−0.60; 2.00) | 0.62 | (−0.68; 1.93) |
| 2 | 50.73 | 1.32 | (−0.51; 3.15) | 1.60 | (−0.24; 3.45) | 1.86 | (−0.07; 3.67) |
| ≥3***** | 48.86 | −0.55 | (−2.88; 1.79) | −0.49 | (−2.89; 1.91) | −0.61 | (−2.97; 1.76) |
| P****** | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.18 | ||||
| Number of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** Teacher rated BRIEF BRI | |||||||
| 0 | 49.95 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1 | 49.89 | −0.06 | (−1.39; 1.27) | 0.12 | (−1.20; 1.45) | 0.06 | (−1.27; 1.38) |
| 2 | 50.02 | 0.07 | (−1.66; 1.79) | 0.28 | (−1.50; 2.07) | 0.36 | (−1.46; 2.17) |
| ≥3***** | 49.67 | −0.29 | (−2.42; 1.85) | −0.21 | (−2.41; 1.98) | −0.40 | (−2.65; 1.85) |
| P****** | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.94 | ||||
| Number of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** Teacher rated BRIEF MI | |||||||
| 0 | 49.89 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1 | 49.66 | −0.23 | (−1.53; 1.06) | 0.10 | (−1.38; 1.18) | 0.05 | (−1.33; 1.24) |
| 2 | 50.20 | 0.31 | (−1.39; 2.00) | 0.51 | (−1.22; 2.24) | 0.83 | (−0.94; 2.60) |
| ≥3***** | 49.22 | −0.66 | (−2.85; 1.52) | −0.75 | (−2.95; 1.46) | −0.62 | (−2.89; 1.65) |
| P****** | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.65 | ||||
| Timing of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** (gestational week) Parent rated BRIEF BRI | |||||||
| No binge drinking | 49.32 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1–2 | 49.31 | −0.01 | (−1.61; 1.58) | 0.40 | (−1.21; 2.00) | 0.06 | (−1.57; 1.70) |
| 3–4 | 49.90 | 0.58 | (−1.03; 2.19) | 0.93 | (−0.69; 2.56) | 0.99 | (−0.62; 2.59) |
| 5–8 | 50.52 | 1.20 | (−0.44; 2.84) | 1.45 | (−0.18; 3.07) | 1.18 | (−0.73; 2.78) |
| ≥9******* | 51.69 | 2.37 | (0.68; 4.06) | 2.00 | (0.28; 3.71) | 2.04 | (0.33; 3.76) |
| Multiple timings | 50.53 | 1.21 | (−0.57; 2.99) | 1.33 | (−0.48; 3.13) | 1.22 | (−0.58; 3.02) |
| P****** | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.19 | ||||
| Timing of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** (gestational week) Parent rated BRIEF MI | |||||||
| No binge drinking | 49.41 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1–2 | 49.95 | 0.54 | (−1.04; 2.13) | 0.92 | (−0.68; 2.51) | 0.71 | (−0.93; 2.35) |
| 3–4 | 49.79 | 0.38 | (−1.27; 2.03) | 0.66 | (−0.99; 2.30) | 0.82 | (−0.83; 2.46) |
| 5–8 | 50.11 | 0.70 | (−0.89; 2.29) | 0.94 | (−0.64; 2.53) | 0.77 | (−0.82; 2.35) |
| ≥9******* | 51.28 | 1.87 | (0.21; 3.52) | 1.29 | (−0.39; 2.97) | 1.09 | (−0.61; 2.78) |
| Multiple timings | 50.02 | 0.61 | (−1.33; 2.54) | 0.54 | (−1.41; 2.50) | 0.52 | (−1.45; 2.49) |
| P******* | 0.40 | 0.72 | 0.84 | ||||
| Timing of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** (gestational week) Teacher rated BRIEF BRI | |||||||
| No binge drinking | 49.95 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1–2 | 49.61 | −0.34 | (−1.97; 1.29) | −0.05 | (−1.69; 1.58) | −0.23 | (−1.87; 1.40) |
| 3–4 | 49.75 | −0.20 | (−1.87; 1.47) | 0.06 | (−1.63; 1.72) | 0.16 | (−1.52; 1.84) |
| 5–8 | 50.52 | 0.57 | (−1.18; 2.31) | 0.94 | (−0.85; 2.65) | 0.70 | (−1.05; 2.45) |
| ≥9******* | 51.05 | 1.10 | (−0.60; 2.80) | 0.95 | (−0.81; 2.67) | 0.78 | (−0.99; 2.54) |
| Multiple timings | 49.69 | −0.26 | (−2.01; 1.48) | −0.29 | (−2.08; 1.53) | −0.39 | (−2.21; 1.59) |
| P****** | 0.63 | 0.74 | 0.82 | ||||
| Timing of binge drinking episodes in pregnancy**** (gestational week) Teacher rated BRIEF MI | |||||||
| No binge drinking | 49.89 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1–2 | 49.93 | 0.04 | (−1.55; 1.63) | 0.31 | (−1.28; 1.90) | 0.36 | (−1.23; 1.95) |
| 3–4 | 49.01 | −0.88 | (−2.53; 0.76) | −0.68 | (−2.31; 0.96) | −0.42 | (−2.06; 1.22) |
| 5–8 | 50.27 | 0.38 | (−1.30; 2.07) | 0.69 | (−1.00; 2.37) | 0.63 | (−1.07; 2.34) |
| ≥9******* | 51.65 | 1.76 | (0.07; 3.46) | 1.39 | (−0.31; 3.08) | 1.03 | (−0.69; 2.76) |
| Multiple timings | 49.89 | −0.00 | (−1.72; 1.72) | −0.11 | (−1.85; 1.64) | 0.08 | (−1.73; 1.89) |
| P****** | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.73 | ||||
The clinical scales form two indexes: the Behavioural Regulation Index (BRI) and the Metacognition Index (MI).
Parental education, maternal IQ, prenatal maternal smoking, age at testing, and gender of child.
Parental education, maternal IQ, prenatal maternal smoking, prenatal maternal average alcohol intake, maternal age, parity, prenatal and postnatal marital status, postnatal parental smoking, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gender of child, age at testing, health status, and family/home environment.
Of the 1617 mothers, 1122 reported one or more binge drinking episodes. The range was 3–12 episodes. The number of children in each category was 495, 783, 225, and 114 for 0, 1, 2, and 3+ episodes, respectively. The number of children in each timing category was 495, 237, 261, 216, 234, and 174.
Range: 3–12 episodes.
P value for the hypothesis of no difference in BRIEF scores across levels of binge drinking.
Range: 9–14 drinks/week.