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. 2015 Apr;5:86–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2014.09.007

Table 2.

The aggregate life cycle deficit and -surplus by gender.

Aggregate Life cycle deficit/surplus in % of labour income
Country Sex Young Working age Old
Austria Women 11 3 17
Men 10 30 10
Total 20 32 27
Finland Women 12 9 15
Men 12 20 10
Total 24 29 25
France Women 12 6 15
Men 12 27 10
Total 24 32 24
Germany Women 11 2 18
Men 10 30 10
Total 20 30 27
Hungary Women 11 10 18
Men 11 23 11
Total 23 33 29
Italy Women 16 0 19
Men 14 25 10
Total 30 24 29
Slovenia Women 14 16 17
Men 14 23 11
Total 28 39 28
Spain Women 14 4 17
Men 14 23 10
Total 28 26 26
Sweden Women 11 13 13
Men 11 28 8
Total 22 40 21
UK Women 12 0 18
Men 11 26 9
Total 23 23 26

To facilitate the comparison across countries a standard population is applied. Source: Authors’ own calculations based on EU-SILC (Income) and data from the NTA project (Consumption).