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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Res. 2015 Mar 5;98:9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.02.006

Table 1.

Role of gut microbiota in T1D

Function Phenotype References
Alteration of intestinal permeability Increased ratio of Bacteroidetes vs Firmicutes Ref 64, 65f, 66
Modified tight junction Ref 61, 67, 68, 69
Modified mucosal immunity Impaired GALT development Modified innate immunity: Ref 71
1) TLR2 Ref 79
2) TLR5 Ref 78, 82
3) TLR9 Ref 77
Modified adaptive immunity:
1) Affecting T cells:
i) Treg Ref 27, 53, 72, 80, 84, 86, 87
ii) Th1 vs Th2 Ref 53, 74, 75
iii) Th17 Ref 53, 76, 77, 79, 94, 95
2) Affecting B cell function Ref 73, 75, 92
Therapies targeting gut microbiota Manipulation gut flora at early life prevents T1D; Ref 38, 92, 104, 106, 107
Long-term supplement of probiotics prevents T1D; Ref 92, 108
Administration of genetically modified bacteria reverses T1D. Ref 109, 110

GALT: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue